SAE EDGE™ Research Reports - SAE Mobilus

SAE EDGE™ Research Reports provide state-of-the-art and state-of-industry examinations of the most significant topics facing the mobility industry today. With a dedicated focus on emerging topics in new mobility, they offer a structured framework and methodical approach for thinking about and working with rapidly shifting technologies.

Items (140)

Emergence of Quantum Computing Technologies in Automotive Applications: Opportunities and Future Use Cases

EPR202400804/22/2024

Quantum computing and its applications are emerging rapidly, driving excitement and extensive interest across all industry sectors, from finance to pharmaceuticals. The automotive industry is no different. Quantum computing can bring significant advantages to the way we commute, whether through the development of new materials and catalysts using quantum chemistry or improved route optimization. Quantum computing may be as important as the invention of driverless vehicles. Emergence of Quantum Computing Technologies in Automotive Applications: Opportunities and Future Use Cases attempts to explain quantum technology and its various advantages for the automotive industry. While many of the applications presented are still nascent, they may become mainstream in a decade or so. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Kolodziejczyk, Bart

Cybersecurity and Digital Trust Issues in Connected and Automated Vehicles

EPR202400904/22/2024

Given the rapid advancements in engineering and technology, it is anticipated that connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) will soon become prominent in our daily lives. This development has a vast potential to change the socio-technical perception of public, personal, and freight transportation. The potential benefits to society include reduced driving risks due to human errors, increased mobility, and overall productivity of autonomous vehicle consumers. On the other hand, the potential risks associated with CAV deployment related to technical vulnerabilities are safety and cybersecurity issues that may arise from flawed hardware and software. Cybersecurity and Digital Trust Issues in Connected and Automated Vehicles elaborates on these topics as unsettled cybersecurity and digital trust issues in CAVs and follows with recommendations to fill in the gaps in this evolving field. This report also highlights the importance of establishing robust cybersecurity protocols and fostering

Ahmed, Qadeer, Renganathan, Vishnu

Textile Circularity and the Sustainability Model of New Mobility

EPR202400603/12/2024

The world is on a “take-make-waste,” linear-growth economic trajectory where products are bought, used, and then discarded in direct progression with little to no consideration for recycling or reuse. This unsustainable path now requires an urgent call to action for all sectors in the global society: circularity is a must to restore the health of the planet and people. However, carbon-rich textile waste could potentially become a next-generation feedstock, and the mobility sector has the capacity to mobilize ecologically minded designs, supply chains, financing mechanisms, consumer education, cross-sector activation, and more to capitalize on this “new source of carbon.” Activating textile circularity will be one of the biggest business opportunities to drive top- and bottom-line growth for the mobility industry. Textile Circularity and the Sustainability Model of New Mobility provides context and insights on why textiles—a term that not only includes plant-based and animal-based

Lee-Jeffs, Ann, Safi, Joanna

Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Curbs and Curbside Management

EPR2024005

03/06/2024

Curbs are as key to automated driving system (ADS) navigation, operation, and safety as they are for human driven vehicles. The design, maintenance, and management of curbs and adjacent infrastructure can make the difference in whether ADS vehicles can pick up and deliver passengers and goods safely, efficiently, and effectively. Curbs may also be key to integrating ADS services with other forms of active and human-driven transportation. Benefits from accessibility, reduced emissions, and strong supply chains require that ADS vehicles be able to dock curbside in a manner that does not disrupt traffic or impede safe movement of people walking, biking, or using a mobility device. Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Curbs and Curbside Management addresses considerations regarding the curb with respect to pick up and drops for passengers and freight, as well as managing and designing both sides of the curb with respect to automated vehicles and other types of shared mobility

Coyner, Kelley, Bittner, Jason

The Software-defined Vehicle and Its Engineering Evolution: Balancing Issues and Challenges in a New Paradigm of Product Development

EPR2024007

03/06/2024

The automobile is undergoing the biggest transformation of its 100-year history. Motivated by consumer desire for automobiles to integrate with their digital life and inspired by new electric vehicles (EVs) that routinely receive over-the-air software updates, traditional automakers are embarking on a journey to re-engineer the vehicle as a platform defined by software. The foundation of the shift is a complete re-design from a mechanical hardware-centric system to a cloud-connected, software-centric ecosystem where each function is executed via a service-oriented architecture. This is the basis of the software-defined vehicle (SDV). The Software-defined Vehicle and its Engineering Evolution: Balancing Issues and Challenges in a New Paradigm of Product Development examines the complex journey ahead for traditional manufacturers as they transition to this new software-defined system. The shift will literally impact every facet of the industry, from organizational culture, tools, and

Goswami, Partha

Toward an Integrated Transportation Pricing Approach Using Vehicle-based Technologies

EPR2024003

02/12/2024

A suite of recent policy and legislative initiatives are prioritizing a shift towards electrification of the personal-use vehicle fleet. This agenda is intimately tied to another complex issue: the sustainability of the primary transportation funding source (i.e., the gas tax—also known as the motor fuel tax). What makes this particularly hard is that gasoline consumption is only a proxy for “amount of travel.” With diversification in fuel sources and a concerted movement towards non-fossil fuel sources to power vehicles, any specific fuel source would be (at best) a weak or (at worst) grossly inequitable representation for amount of travel. Toward an Integrated Transportation Pricing Approach Using Vehicle-based Technologies will focus on some of the larger questions for an integrated pricing system based on miles driven that are measured directly using vehicle-based or in-vehicle technology communicating directly with infrastructure systems. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM

Sethi, Sonika S.

Additive Manufacturing of Thermal Management Components in Mobility Applications

EPR2024004

02/12/2024

The adoption of metallic additive manufacturing (AM) for heat exchangers offers significant thermal management benefits that range from optimized heat energy transfer to supporting integrated designs that can reduce weight, size, and component numbers. The benefits offered by utilizing AM for heat exchangers transcend industries and have relevance within the aerospace and automotive industries, where new mobility requirements result in the need for efficient energy systems, increasingly efficient component design, and higher temperatures. Additive Manufacturing of Thermal Management Components in Mobility Applications examines the critical unsettled issues, such as lack of understanding regarding metal AM material performance in high-temperature applications and the absence of significant standardization that goes beyond the material grades, printing process parameters, and characterization processes for performance reliability. The report also delves into design, regulation, and

Phillips, Paul

Redefining Space Commerce: The Move Toward Servitization

EPR2024002

01/09/2024

“New Space" is reshaping the economic landscape of the space industry and has far-reaching implications for technological innovation, business models, and market dynamics. This change, aligned with the digitalization in the world economy, has given rise to innovations in the downstream space segment. This “servitization” of the space industry, essentially, has led to the transition from selling products like satellites or spacecraft, to selling the services these products provide. This also connects to applications of various technologies, like cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and virtualization. Redefining Space Commerce: The Move Toward Servitization discusses the advantages of this shift (e.g., cost reduction, increased access to space for smaller organizations and countries), as well as the challenges, such as maintaining safety and security, establishing standardization and regulation, and managing risks. The implications of this may be far-reaching, affecting not only

Khan, Samir

The Application of Satellite-based Internet of Things for New Mobility

EPR2024001

01/09/2024

With the increased use of devices requiring the Internet of Things (IoT) to enable “New Mobility,” the demand for satellite-enabled IoT is growing steadily, owing to the extensive coverage provided by satellites (over existing ground-based infrastructure). Satellite-based IoT provides precise and real-time vehicle location and tracking services, large-scale geographical vehicle and/or infrastructure monitoring, and increased coverage for remote locations where it may not be possible to install ground-based solutions. The Application of Satellite-based Internet of Things for New Mobility discusses satellite-based IoT topics that still need addressing, which can be broadly classifieds into two areas: (1) affordable technology and (2) network connectivity and data management. While recent innovations are driving down the cost of satellite-based IoT, it remains relatively expensive, and widespread adoption is still not as high as terrestrial, ground-based systems. Security concerns over

Phillips, Paul

The State of Systems Engineering Adoption in the Automotive Industry

EPR202303012/12/2023

Growing levels of complexity and integration coupled with the current period of automotive innovation are necessitating the adoption of Systems approaches and Systems Engineering (SE) practices. For the automotive industry to navigate this transformative period successfully, we need Systems approaches to bridge all elements of vehicle development and engage and align all parts of the business. Yet, the industry has lagged in comprehensive SE adoption, persistently retaining organizational silos and outdated paradigms for vehicle design development teams. It still structures itself around physical components of vehicles, despite having the significant majority of functionality and features derived from software and communications. The State of Systems Engineering Adoption in the Automotive Industry captures the unresolved aspects of more comprehensively adopting Systems approaches and practices and seeks to enable industry leaders to more effectively navigate the complexity and

O'Neil, Anne

Implications of Off-road Automation for On-road Automated Driving Systems

EPR2023029

12/12/2023

Automated vehicles, in the form we see today, started off-road. Ideas, technologies, and engineers came from agriculture, aerospace, and other off-road domains. While there are cases when only on-road experience will provide the necessary learning to advance automated driving systems, there is much relevant activity in off-road domains that receives less attention. Implications of Off-road Automation for On-road Automated Driving Systems argues that one way to accelerate on-road ADS development is to look at similar experiences off-road. There are plenty of people who see this connection, but there is no formalized system for exchanging knowledge. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Eley, T.C., King, John Leslie, Lyytinen, Kalle, Nickerson, Jeffrey

Key Technology Challenges of Electric Ducted Fan Propulsion Systems for eVTOL

EPR2023027

11/22/2023

Electrical vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles for urban air mobility (UAM) are garnering increased attention from both the automotive and aerospace industries, with use cases ranging from individual transportation, public service, cargo delivery, and more. Distributed electric propulsion systems are their main technical feature; they determine vehicle size and propulsion efficiency and provide distributed thrust to achieve attitude control. Considering the intended role of eVTOL vehicles, ducted-fan systems are ideal choice for the propulsor, as the duct provides a physical barrier between the rotating blades and the human, especially during the take-off and landing phases. Key Technology Challenges of Electric Ducted Fan Propulsion Systems for eVTOL introduces the main bottlenecks and key enablers of ducted-fan propulsion systems for eVTOL applications. Based on the introduction and discussion of these important issues, this report will help eVTOL engineers understand the

Qian, Yuping, Zhang, Yangjun, ZHUGE, WEILIN

Developing the Role of the System Software Integrator to Mitigate Digital Infrastructure Vulnerabilities

EPR202302811/22/2023

Traditional physical infrastructure increasingly relies upon software. Yet, 75% of software projects fail in budget by 46% and schedule by 82%. While other systems generally have a “responsible-in-charge” (RIC) professional, the implementation of a similar system of accountability in software is not settled. This is a major concern, as the consequences of software failure can be a matter of life-or-death. Further, there has been a 742% average annual increase in software supply chain attacks on increasingly used open-source software over the past three years, which can cost up to millions of dollars per incident. Developing the Role of the System Software Integrator to Mitigate Digital Infrastructure Vulnerabilities discusses the verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification needed to vet systems before implementation and the continued maintenance measures required over the lifespan of software-integrated assets. It also proposes a certified System Software Integrator role

Kemper, Bart

Carbon Farming and Its Impact on Agricultural Technology

EPR2023026

11/03/2023

The agricultural sector is responsible for a large share of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. At the same time, methods such as targeted land use change can reduce emissions from landscape elements and sequester carbon from the atmosphere in the soil. This process, also known as carbon farming, has not been uniformly defined, and faces challenges regarding establishing new requirments for agricultural vehicles and technology, creating profitable business models (that preclude “greenwashing”), and developing governmental frameworks and industry acceptance. Carbon Farming and Its Impact on Agricultural Technology discusses the large development gap for carbon farming methods, especially with regard to agricultural technology. In addition to the new hardware requirements arising from land use change, there is also a need for the further development of software. The establishment of suitable interfaces and solutions that are interoperable with existing technologies is also crucial at this

Lehmann, Johannes, Dwerlkotte, Nina

The Adoption of Digital Twins in Integrated Vehicle Health Management

EPR2023024

10/26/2023

To many, a digital twin offers “functionality,” or the ability to virtually rerun events that have happened on the real system and the ability to simulate future performance. However, this requires models based on the physics of the system to be built into the digital twin, links to data from sensors on the real live system, and sophisticated algorithms incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). All of this can be used for integrated vehicle health management (IVHM) decisions, such as determining future failure, root cause analysis, and optimized energy performance. All of these can be used to make decisions to optimize the operation of an aircraft—these may even extend into safety-based decisions. The Adoption of Digital Twins in Integrated Vehicle Health Management, however, still has a range of unsettled topics that cover technological reliability, data security and ownership, user presentation and interfaces, as well as certification of the digital twin’s

Phillips, Paul

The Path to Safe Machine Learning for Automotive Applications

EPR202302310/26/2023

Recent rapid advancement in machine learning (ML) technologies have unlocked the potential for realizing advanced vehicle functions that were previously not feasible using traditional approaches to software development. One prominent example is the area of automated driving. However, there is much discussion regarding whether ML-based vehicle functions can be engineered to be acceptably safe, with concerns related to the inherent difficulty and ambiguity of the tasks to which the technology is applied. This leads to challenges in defining adequately safe responses for all possible situations and an acceptable level of residual risk, which is then compounded by the reliance on training data. The Path to Safe Machine Learning for Automotive Applications discusses the challenges involved in the application of ML to safety-critical vehicle functions and provides a set of recommendations within the context of current and upcoming safety standards. In summary, the potential of ML will only

Burton, Simon

Decarbonization Routes for Global Road Mobility and Regional Challenges

EPR2023025

10/26/2023

The importance of decarbonizing mobility to slow climate change is already a common goal worldwide. However, there is a lack of alignment on which technological routes to take. While the electrification of mobility assumes dominance in some markets, it is essential to consider specificities of each region so that different applications of transport modes can be concretely evaluated. Decarbonization Routes for Global Road Mobility and Regional Challenges discusses regional approaches, such as those from Brazil and India, that can offer more representative participation in global decarbonization processes. These routes leverage these countries’ domestic talent and regional potential instead of simply copying the solutions coming from developed countries. Biofuels, biomass, and green hydrogen can be very effective ways of reducing global warming for these countries and others with similar economic characteristics, bringing more opportunities for market development and competitive

Adas, Camilo Abduch

Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Logistics and Delivery

EPR2023021

09/26/2023

Like the shift from horse drawn carriages to cars, the emergence of delivery robots marks a shift from driverless vehicles to automated logistics vehicles where form follows function. On paper, the business cases are compelling and the use cases seemingly unbounded. Vehicles may be conventional in the form of trucks and industrial equipment of all types, or as purpose-built vehicles on with widely varying cargo capacities. Proof of concepts and pilots are moving forward on roadways, sidewalks, and doorsteps, as well as in low altitude airways, ports, and even inside of buildings. Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Logistics and Delivery addresses the current state of the industry, benefits of ADVs, challenges, and expanding use. It also touches on opportunities to design, modify, and expand infrastructure—both digital and physical—to supports safe and equitable usage. The report draws on experience and research on these topics in North America, the United Kingdom, the

Coyner, Kelley, Bittner, Jason

The Use of eVTOL Aircraft for First Responder, Police, and Medical Transport Applications

EPR202302009/26/2023

Advancements in electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have generated significant interest within and beyond the traditional aviation industry. One particularly promising application involves on-demand, rapid-response use cases to broaden first responders, police, and medical transport mission capabilities. With the dynamic and varying public service operations, eVTOL aircraft can offer potentially cost-effective aerial mobility components to the overall solution, including significant lifesaving benefits. The Use of eVTOL Aircraft for First Responder, Police, and Medical Transport Applications discusses the challenges need to be addressed before identified capabilities and benefits can be realized at scale: Mission-specific eVTOL vehicle development Operator- and patient-specific accommodations Detect-and-avoid capabilities in complex and challenging operating environments Autonomous and artificial intelligence-enhanced mission capabilities Home-base charging systems

Doo, Johnny

Metal Additive Manufacturing in the Mobility Industry: Looking into 2033

EPR2023022

09/26/2023

Now that metal additive manufacturing (MAM), also known as “metal 3D printing,” has seen its first successful implementations across the mobility industry, the question is whether it will continue to grow beyond these initial applications or remain a niche manufacturing process. Moving to broader applications will require overcoming several barriers, namely cost and rate, size, and criticality limitations. Recent progress in MAM indicates that these barriers are beginning to come down, pointing to continued growth in applications for MAM through the end of the decade and beyond. Metal Additive Manufacturing in the Mobility Industry: Looking into 2033 discusses the obstacles to future MAM growth, how they can be conquered, and what its role in the mobility industry will look like in 2033. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Slattery, Kevin, Coyne, Jennifer

Multi-agent Collaborative Perception for Autonomous Driving: Unsettled Aspects

EPR2023017

08/15/2023

This report delves into the field of multi-agent collaborative perception (MCP) for autonomous driving: an area that remains unresolved. Current single-agent perception systems suffer from limitations, such as occlusion and sparse sensor observation at a far distance. Multi-agent Collaborative Perception for Autonomous Driving: Unsettled Aspects addresses three unsettled topics that demand immediate attention: Establishing normative communication protocols to facilitate seamless information sharing among vehicles Defining collaboration strategies, including identifying specific collaboration projects, partners, and content, as well as establishing the integration mechanism Collecting sufficient data for MCP model training, including capturing diverse modal data and labeling various downstream tasks as accurately as possible Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Chen, Guang

Introduction of Continuous Fiber-reinforced Polymer: A New Additive Manufacturing Path for Aerospace

EPR202301908/15/2023

To grow the application space of polymer additive manufacturing (AM), the industry must provide an offering with improved mechanical properties. Several entities are working towards introducing continuous fibers embedded into either a thermoplastic or thermoset resin system. This approach can enable significant improvement in mechanical properties and could be what is needed to open new and exciting applications within the aerospace industry. Introduction of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Polymer: A New Additive Manufacturing Path for Aerospace examines a couple of unsettled issues that are beginning to come to light regarding these materials and focuses on the ability to design and provide robust structural analysis for continuous fiber reinforced polymer AM—unsung aspects that can make or break this new technology as it finds its way into the aerospace market. Without solutions to them, adoption by the aerospace industry will be limited to point design applications, thus constraining

Hayes, Michael

Recyclability and Embodied Energy of Advanced Polymer Matrix Composites

EPR2023018

08/15/2023

Recycling of advanced composites made from carbon fibers in epoxy resins is essential for two primary reasons. First, the energy necessary to produce carbon fibers is very high and therefore reusing these fibers could greatly reduce the lifecycle energy of components which use them. Second, if the material is allowed to break down in the environment, it will contribute to the growing presence of microplastics and other synthetic pollutants. Recyclability and Embodied Energy of Advanced Polymer Matrix Composites discusses current recycling and disposal methods—which typically do not aim for full circularity, but rather successive downcycling—and addresses the major challenge of aligning fibers into unidirectional tows of real value in high-performance composites. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Muelaner, Jody Emlyn

Reducing Human Driver Error and Setting Realistic Expectations with Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

EPR2023016

07/18/2023

Thousands die or are injured each year in automobile crashes. Reducing the number of these tragedies requires reframing our approach to vehicle- and human-based transportation mobility and depends on whether the mobility industry and individual human drivers take a more aggressive approach to saving lives and preventing injuries. Bringing automated driving systems technologies into the advanced driver assist systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle space will help humans drive more safely and better prepare us for automated vehicles (AVs). Reducing Human Driver Error and Setting Realistic Expectations with Advanced Driver Assistance Systems discusses the recent Partnership for Analytics Research in Traffic Safety report which shows that ADAS can indeed work. The path forward requires combining ADAS and ADS implementation with infrastructure engineering, law enforcement, education, emergency response, and public policy, with the goal of reaching zero deaths and serious injuries. It also

Chalmers, Seth

Micromobility, User Input, and Standardization

EPR202301507/18/2023

Micromobility is often discussed in the context of minimizing traffic congestion and transportation pollution by encouraging people to travel shorter (i.e., typically urban) distances using bicycle or scooters instead of single-occupancy vehicles. It is also frequently championed as a solution to the “first-mile/last-mile” problem. If the demographics and intended users of micromobility vary largely by community, surely that means we must identify different reasons for using micromobility. Micromobility, User Input, and Standardization considers potential options for standardization in engineering and public policy, how real people are using micromobility, and the relevant barriers that come with that usage. It examines the history of existing technologies, compares various traffic laws, and highlights barriers to micromobility standardization—particularly in low-income communities of color. Lastly, it considers how engineers and legislators can use this information to effectively

Eastman, Brittany

Controlling Aircraft—From Humans to Autonomous Systems: The Fading Humans

EPR2023014

07/18/2023

While being the first to fly, the Wright Brothers were also the first and last complete “one stop shop” of aviation: the only case in human flight in which the same individuals personally carried out the research, development, testing, manufacturing, operation, maintenance, air control, flight simulation, training, setup, operation, and more. Since then, these facets gradually fragmented and drifted away from the aircraft. This report discusses the phenomenon of aircraft operation’s “fading humans,” including the development of flight instruments to support it, its growing automation, the emerging artificial intelligence paradigm, and the lurking cyber threats that all over the place. Controlling Aircraft – From Humans to Autonomous Systems: The Fading Humans examines the “fading” process itself, including its safety aspects, current mitigation efforts, ongoing research, and the unsettled topics that still remain. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

David, Aharon

Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Connectivity

EPR2023013

06/13/2023

Do connected vehicle (CV) technologies encourage or dampen progress toward widespread deployment of automated vehicles? Would digital infrastructure components be a better investment for safety, mobility, and the environment? Can CVs, coupled with smart infrastructure, provide an effective pathway to further automation? Highly automated vehicles are being developed (albeit slower than predicted) alongside varied, disruptive connected vehicle technology. Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Connectivity looks at the status of CV technology, examines the concerns of automated driving system (ADS) developers and infrastructure owners and operators (IOOs) in relying on connected infrastructure, and assesses lessons learned from the growth of CV applications and improved vehicle-based technology. IOOs and ADS developers agree that cost, communications, interoperability, cybersecurity, operation, maintenance, and other issues undercut efforts to deploy a comprehensive connected

Coyner, Kelley, Bittner, Jason

Decarbonized Fuel Options for Civil Aviation

EPR2023012

06/13/2023

Drop-in replacement biofuels and electrofuels can provide net-zero CO2 emissions with dramatic reductions in contrail formation. Biofuels must transition to second-generation cellulosic feedstocks while improving land and soil management. Electrofuels, or "e-fuels,” require aggressive cost reduction in hydrogen production, carbon capture, and fuel synthesis. Hydrogen has great potential for energy efficiency, cost reduction, and emissions reduction; however, its low density (even in liquid form) combined with it’s extremely low boiling temperature mean that bulky spherical tanks will consume considerable fuselage volume. Still, emerging direct-kerosene fuel cells may ultimately provide a superior zero-emission, energy-dense solution. Decarbonized Power Options for Civil Aviation discusses the current challenges with these power options and explores the economic incentives and levers vital to decarbonization. Until common and enforceable global carbon pricing arrives, targeted national

Muelaner, Jody E.

Process Control for Defect Mitigation in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing

EPR2023011

05/15/2023

Success in metal additive manufacturing (AM) relies on the optimization of a large set of process parameters to achieve materials whose properties and performance meet design and safety requirements. Despite continuous improvements in the process over the years, the quality of AM parts remains a major concern for manufacturers. Today, researchers are starting to move from discrete geometry-dependent build parameters to continuously variable or dynamically changing parameters that are geometry- and scan-path aware. This approach has become known as “feedforward control.” Process Control for Defect Mitigation in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing discusses the origins of feedforward control, its early implementations in AM, the current state of the art, and a path forward to its broader adoption. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

King, Wayne

Responder-to-Vehicle Technologies for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles

EPR2023010

05/15/2023

Recently, there has been a slight increase in interest in the use of responder-to-vehicle (R2V) technology for emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, fire trucks, and police cars. R2V technology allows for the exchange of information between different types of responder vehicles, including connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). It can be used in collision avoidance or emergency situations involving CAV responder vehicles. The benefits of R2V are not limited to fully autonomous vehicles (e.g., SAE Level 4), but can also be used in Level 2 CAV scenarios. However, despite the potential benefits of R2V, discussions on this topic are still limited. Responder-to-Vehicle Technologies for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles aims to provide an overview of R2V technology and its applications for CAV systems, particularly in the context of collision avoidance features. The responder vehicles in question can be autonomous or non-autonomous. It is hoped that it will provide valuable information

Abdul Hamid, Umar Zakir

Evaluation of the In-vehicle Experience

EPR202300905/15/2023

Modern in-vehicle experiences are brimming with functionalities and convenience driven by automation, digitalization, and electrification. While automotive manufacturers are competing to provide the best systems to their customers, there is no common ground to evaluate these in-vehicle experiences as they become increasingly complex. Existing automotive guidelines do not offer thresholds for cognitive distraction, or—more appropriately—“disengagement.” What can researchers can do to change this? Evaluation of the In-vehicle Experience discusses acceptable levels of disengagement by evaluating the driving context and exploring how system reliability can translate to distraction and frustration. It also covers the need to test systems for their complexity and ease of use, and to prevent users from resorting to alternative systems while driving (e.g., smartphones). It highlights the value in naturalistic data generation using vehicles already sold to customers and the issues around

Roth, Christian

Towards MRO 4.0: Challenges for Digitalization and Mapping Emerging Technologies

EPR202300704/12/2023

With technological breakthroughs in electric land vehicles revolutionizing their respective industry, maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) facilities in aviation are also adopting digital technologies in their practices. But despite this drive towards digitalization, the industry is still dominated by manual labor and subjective assessments. Today, several technologies, processes, and practices are being championed to resolve some of these outstanding challenges. Considering this, it is important to present current perspectives regarding where the technology stands today and how we can evaluate capabilities for autonomous decision support systems that prescribe maintenance activities. Overlooking some of these unsettled domain issues can potentially undermine any benefits in speed, process, and resilience promised by such systems. Towards MRO 4.0: Challenges for Digitalization and Mapping Emerging Technologies provides some understanding of specific motivating factors by focusing on

Khan, Samir

Emerging Automotive Battery Chemistries: Hedging Market Bets

EPR2023008

04/12/2023

There is an urgent need to decarbonize various industry sectors, including transportation; however, this is difficult to achieve when relying solely on today’s lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery technology. A lack of sufficient supply of critical materials—including lithium, nickel, and cobalt—is a major driving force behind research, development, and commercialization of new battery chemistries that can support this energy transition. Many emerging chemistries do not face the same supply, safety, and often durability challenges associated with Li-ion technology, yet these solutions are still very immature and require significant development effort to be commercialized. Emerging Automotive Battery Chemistries: Hedging Market identifies and evaluates various chemistries suitable for deployment in the automotive industry and describes advantages, disadvantages, and development challenges for each identified technology. Additionally, it outlines development timelines, contending that, to

Kolodziejczyk, Bart

Decarbonized Fuel Options for Long-haul Commercial Vehicles

EPR2023005

03/15/2023

Most heavy trucks should be fully electric, using a combination of batteries and catenary electrification, but heavy trucks requiring very long unsupported range will need chemical fuels. At the scale of heavy trucks, compressed hydrogen can match the specific energy of diesel, but its energy density is five times lower, limiting range to around 2,000 km. Scaling green hydrogen production and addressing leakage must be priorities. Hydrogen-derived electrofuels—or “e-fuels”—have the potential to scale, and while the economic comparison currently has unknowns, clean air considerations have gained new importance Decarbonized Power Options for Long-haul Commercial Vehicles discusses these energy sources as well as the caveats related to bioenergy usage, and reasons to prefer ethanol or methanol to diesel-type fuels. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Muelaner, Jody Emlyn

The Role of Graphene in Achieving e-Mobility in Automotive Applications

EPR2023006

03/15/2023

In relative terms, graphene has the highest level of heat and electrical conductivity, protects against ultraviolet rays, and is the strongest material ever measured. These properties have made graphene an attractive potential material for a variety of applications, particularly for transportation-related uses, and especially for automotive engineering. The goal of drastically reducing greenhouse gas emissions has prioritized the electrification of transportation, the decarbonization of industry, and the development of products that require less energy to make, last longer, and are fully recyclable. The Role of Graphene in Achieving e-Mobility in Automotive Applications reviews the current state of graphene-related automotive applications, it also identifies the technological challenges facing engineers that look to benefit from graphene’s attractive properties. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Barkan, Terrance

Next-generation Sensors for Automated Road Vehicles

EPR2023003

02/20/2023

This follow-up report to the inaugural SAE EDGE Research Report on “Unsettled Topics Concerning Sensors for Automated Road Vehicles” reviews the progress made in automated vehicle (AV) sensors over the past four to five years. Additionally, it addresses persistent disagreement and confusion regarding certain terms for describing sensors, the different strengths and shortcomings of particular sensors, and procedures regarding how to specify and evaluate them. Next-gen Automated Road Vehicle Sensors summarizes current trends and debates (e.g., sensor fusion, embedded AI, simulation) as well as future directions and needs. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Beiker, Sven

Determining Design Properties for Metal Additive Manufacturing in the Mobility Industry

EPR2023004

02/20/2023

As metal additive manufacturing (MAM), also known as "metal 3D printing,” moves from prototype to low-rate and high-rate production for increasingly critical applications for more industries, many product teams are tasked with determining design properties for the first time in many years. Not only is it necessary to determine basic material properties, but it is also necessary to accommodate new geometries and design concepts as well. While some of the methods and approaches are common to other product forms, others are unique to MAM. Determining Design Properties for Metal Additive Manufacturing in the Mobility Industry covers the challenges in determining design properties and provides a comparison with existing technologies, along with an example and recommendations for future work. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Slattery, Kevin

Electric Charging Intended Functionality, Availability, and Equity Inclusion

EPR202300101/19/2023

As unprecedented growth in EV sales is expected, and the number of public charging stations must be planned accordingly as charger up-time and functionality (i.e., availability) is the number one factor for users once the charging system is installed. Electric Vehicle Intended Functionality, Availability, and Equity Inclusion informs current customers and potential purchasers of functionality, availability, and equity inclusion issues with EV charging systems currently in production and in use across North America and Europe. Note that if shortages of available chargers are recognized and exposed across the US, this could then have a negative impact on future potential EV customers from making the “leap” from traditional ICE vehicles to EVs. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Kozumplik, Brian J.

Decarbonized Power Options for Non-road Mobile Machinery

EPR2023002

01/19/2023

Power options for off-road vehicles differ substantially from other commercial vehicles. Battery electrification is suitable for urban construction and light agriculture, but remote mining, forestry, and road building operations will require alternative fuels. Decarbonized Power Options for Non-road Mobile Machinery discusses these domains as well as the potential benefits and challenges of implementing fuels and energy sources such as bioenergy, e-fuels, and alcohol, as well as hydrogen, hydrocarbon, and direct methanol fuel cells. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Muelaner, Jody Emlyn

Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Electrification

EPR2022029

12/15/2022

Highly automated vehicles are being developed alongside a variety of novel, disruptive technologies and a global focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transportation. ADS can reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency for vehicles powered by traditional internal combustion engines. Electric motors can further raise the bar for both those areas, especially if the power used to charge an electric vehicle is generated from renewable sources. However, implementing electrified AVs requires a viable charging infrastructure. Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Electrification covers issues concerning infrastructure and the electrification of all forms of vehicles: heavy-duty vehicles like trucks and buses, light-duty vehicles like cars and vans, micro-mobility, and new form factors. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Coyner, Kelley, Bittner, Jason

Electric Vehicle Recharge Time, Reliability, and Interoperability

EPR202202812/15/2022

As more consumers and operators adopt electric vehicles (EVs) as personal and fleet vehicles, questions regarding recharge time, reliability, and interoperability of EV supply equipment and charging systems currently in use across North America and Europe remain. The current lack of understanding has led to consumer anxiety and, in some cases, inadvertent abuse and mishandling of electric supply equipment. Electric Vehicle Recharge Time, Reliability, and Interoperability navigates issues such as charging equipment reliability; the complexity Interoperability concerning charging networks, EVs, and payment systems; various public and private charging network issues; and lagging regulations and standards. While many challenges need to be addressed, this report also identifies the improvements made since early adoption of EV charging technology as well as ongoing efforts to improve it further. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Kozumplik, Brian J.

The Role of Graphene in Achieving e-Mobility in Aerospace Applications

EPR2022030

12/15/2022

Advanced two-dimensional (2D) materials discovered in the last two decades are now being produced at scale and are contributing to a wide range of performance enhancements in engineering applications. The most well-known of these novel materials is graphene, a nearly transparent nanomaterial comprising a single layer of bonded carbon atoms. In relative terms, it has the highest level of heat and electrical conductivity, protects against ultraviolet rays, and is strongest material ever measured. These properties have made graphene an attractive potential material for a variety of applications, particularly for transportation related uses, and especially for aerospace engineering. The Role of Graphene in Achieving e-Mobility in Aerospace Applications reviews the current state of graphene-related aerospace applications and identifies the technological challenges facing engineers that look to benefit from graphene’s attractive properties. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research

Barkan, Terrance

Automated Vehicles, the Driving Brain, and Artificial Intelligence

EPR202202711/16/2022

Automated driving is considered a key technology for reducing traffic accidents, improving road utilization, and enhancing transportation economy and thus has received extensive attention from academia and industry in recent years. Although recent improvements in artificial intelligence are beginning to be integrated into vehicles, current AD technology is still far from matching or exceeding the level of human driving ability. The key technologies that need to be developed include achieving a deep understanding and cognition of traffic scenarios and highly intelligent decision-making. Automated Vehicles, the Driving Brain, and Artificial Intelligenceaddresses brain-inspired driving and learning from the human brain's cognitive, thinking, reasoning, and memory abilities. This report presents a few unaddressed issues related to brain-inspired driving, including the cognitive mechanism, architecture implementation, scenario cognition, policy learning, testing, and validation. Click here

Zheng, Ling

The Use of eVTOL Aircraft for Military Applications: Last-mile Transport and Logistics

EPR202202511/15/2022

Recent advancements in eVTOL aircraft have generated significant interest within and beyond the traditional aviation industry. One promising application is for last-mile (and middle-mile) military transport and logistics, which can complement current mission capabilities and enhance operational readiness. With the dynamic and varying global challenges facing military operations, eVTOL aircraft can offer timely, on-demand, and potentially cost-effective aerial mobility components to the overall solution. The Use of eVTOL Aircraft for Military Applications: Last-mile Transport and Logistics explores the challenges that need to be addressed before identified capabilities and benefits can be realized at scale: Mission-specific eVTOL vehicle development Detect-and-avoid (DAA)capabilities in complex and challenging operating environments Autonomous and AI-enhanced mission capabilities Charging system compatibility and availability for battery-electric vehicles Simplified vehicle operations

Doo, Johnny

Final Disposition of Electric Vehicle Batteries

EPR2022026

11/15/2022

The battery electric vehicle (EV) industry has experienced considerable growth over the last few years, demonstrating a clear acceleration in adoption and deployment. However, there are still many questions concerning what will happen to batteries as they reach their end of life (EOL), as batteries that have “aged out” can either be reused, recycled, or go to a landfill. Final Disposition of Electric Vehicle Batteries addresses some unsettled issues around lithium-ion battery reuse and recycling. Insufficient investment and regulations are a current barrier to a robust reuse system, and safety concerns potentially hinder adoption. Despite the benefits of battery recycling, there are also many challenges when considering their transportation and disassembly. These challenges will need to be addressed as the industry sees an influx of EV batteries reaching their EOL within the next 10 years. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Bush, Julia, Souweidane, Naseeb

Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Accessibility

EPR2022024

10/19/2022

Despite advances in automated driving systems and their potential help many mobility users who cannot drive, significant barriers remain regarding accessibility for emerging technology vehicles. These barriers exist in the design of vehicles and affect boarding, accessing pick-up and drop-off points, and traveling to a vehicle location. The accessibility of automated mobility services hinges on an interdependent set of vehicle design and infrastructure issues, both digital and physical. Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Accessibility highlights the development status of accessible vehicles and services, considers approaches to vehicle design that allow for increased accessibility, and examines the ways in which infrastructure can open the door to automated mobility for disabled customers. Use cases for accessible automated mobility service include local bus, paratransit, and robotaxis. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio

Coyner, Kelley, Bittner, Jason

Autonomous Field Robotics

EPR2022023

10/17/2022

The market penetration of highly automated agricultural vehicles in crop farming and arable environments is still very low. However, the unsettled issues and market barriers stem from three main topics. The first is the technical development and appropriate framework conditions for hardware and software required for autonomous field vehicles. The second is the regulatory framework needed to facilitate investment by manufacturers and users. Finally, the third topic is the willingness of the user to accept the non-deterministic systems that are common in agricultural practices today. Autonomous Field Robotics is a joint report between SAE International and the German Institute for Standardization (DIN) developed to enable relevant stakeholders—including users, regulators, researchers, and manufacturers, among others—to discuss the barriers facing automated agricultural vehicles. The report includes a cross-industry and cross-sector exchange on the three central aspects, a prioritization

Lehmann, Johannes, Dwerlkotte, Nina, Saxe, Friederike

Critical Metals, Sourcing, and Long Supply Chains: Constraints on Transport Decarbonization

EPR2022SE2

10/17/2022

To achieve decarbonization through means such as energy-efficient vehicles, active travel, and electrified road freight, solutions must reduce upstream demands on supply chains. However, even taking such a path, the energy transition will massively increase demand for raw materials such as cobalt, nickel, platinum group metals, and rare earth elements. Many of the metals can be largely substituted if required, so they are not truly critical to decarbonization. Critical Metals, Sourcing, and Long Supply Chains: Constraints on Transport Decarbonization discusses how lithium, silver, and copper are much more difficult to replace, and the energy transition is highly likely to depend on them. Greatly increased and more geographically dispersed investments in mineral extraction are vital. Governments must support this by giving investors clear signals about the rate of the transition, geological survey data, accelerated permits, and government backed finance. Public support for sustainable

Muelaner, Jody E.

Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging on Grid Energy Buffering

EPR202202209/26/2022

Variable renewable energy (VRE), such as photovoltaic solar and wind turbines, will require new approaches to buffering energy within the grid. This must include significant ancillary services and longer duration storage to buffer seasonal variations in supply and demand. Such services may be economically provided by leveraging the battery resources of electric vehicles (EVs) for frequency response and energy storage for durations of up to a few hours, together with baseload and dispatchable power for longer duration buffering. Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging on Grid Energy Buffering discusses the unsettled issues and requirements needed to realize the potential of EV batteries for demand response and grid services, such as improved battery management, control strategies, and enhanced cybersecurity. Hybrid and fuel cell EVs have significant potential to act as “peakers” for longer duration buffering, and this approach has the potential to provide all the long-term energy buffering

Muelaner, Jody Emlyn

Use of Proton-exchange Membrane Fuel Cells in Ground Vehicles

EPR2022020

09/26/2022

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) require multiple components to operate properly, and the fuel cell stack—the source of power—is one of the most important components. While the number of enterprises manufacturing and selling fuel cell stacks is increasing globaly year after year, the residual challenges of core components and technologies still need to be resolved in order to keep pace with the development of lithium-ion batteries (i.e., its primary competitor). Additionally, many production and distribution standards are seen as unsettled. These barriers make large-scale commercialization an issue. Use of Proton-exchange Membrane Fuel Cells in Ground Vehicles explores the opportunities and challenges within the PEMFC industry. With the help of expert contributors, a critical overview of fuel cells and the FCEV industry is presented, and core technology, applications, costs, and trends are analyzed. The report concludes a series of recommendations for industry and government

Lin, Rui

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