Browse Topic: Measurements

Items (1,316)
The exhaust mass flow measurement for motorcycles poses a unique challenge due to presence of pulsations arising from an unfavorable combination of the engine displacement-to-exhaust system volume ratio and the long or even unequal ignition intervals. This pulsation phenomenon significantly impacts the accuracy of the differential pressure-based measurement method commonly employed in on-board measurement systems for passenger cars. This paper introduces an alternative approach calculating exhaust mass flow in motorcycles, focusing on statistical modelling based on engine parameters. The problem at hand is rooted in the adverse effects of pulsations on the differential pressure-based measurement method used in the EFM. The unfavorable combination of engine characteristics specific to motorcycles necessitates a novel approach. Our proposed alternative involves utilizing readily available OBD parameters, namely engine speed and calculated engine load as there is mostly no data for intake
Schurl, SebastianSturm, StefanSchmidt, StephanKirchberger, Roland
Ride comfort is an important factor in the development of vehicles. Understanding the characteristics of seat components allows more accurate analysis of ride comfort. This study focuses on urethane foam, which is commonly used in vehicle seats. Soft materials such as urethane foam have both elastic and viscous properties that vary with frequency and temperature. Dynamic viscoelastic measurements are effective for investigating the vibrational characteristics of such materials. Although there have been many studies on the viscoelastic properties of urethane foam, no prior research has focused on dynamic viscoelastic measurements during compression to simulate the condition of a person sitting on a seat. In this study, dynamic viscoelastic measurements were performed on compressed urethane foam. Moreover, measurements were conducted at low temperatures, and a master curve using the Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF) formula (temperature–frequency conversion law) was created.
Kamio, ChihiroYamaguchi, TakaoMaruyama, ShinichiHanawa, KazutoIwase, TsutomuHayashi, TatsuoSato, ToshiharuMogawa, Hajime
This study presents a two-step method for estimating motorcycle tire lateral forces, which are critical to the safety of driver assistance systems. In the pre-filtering stage, a partial attitude of the motorcycle is estimated using a Kalman filter and a kinematic model. In the observation stage, the side slip angle and subsequently the tire lateral forces are provided by a sliding mode observer. It extends previous research by incorporating both out-of-plane and in-plane dynamics. The paper also proposes an approach for selecting the Kalman filter parameters. An approach to identify the stochastic sensor errors of the inertial measurement unit is presented. The identified parameters are used as a basis for the selection of the covariances. The overall study provides a practical implementation strategy and demonstrates its applicability in real-world scenarios. The experiments show the results of the lateral force estimation and its relation to the friction ellipse. The effectiveness of
Winkler, AlexanderGrabmair, GernotReger, Johann
In this study, vibration characteristics inside an electric power unit at gravity center where direct measurement is impossible were estimated by using virtual point transformation to consider guideline for effective countermeasures to the structure or generated force characteristics inside the power source. Vibration acceleration, transfer function and the generated force in operation at the gravity center of the electrical power source were obtained by vibration characteristics at around the power source which can be measured directly. In addition, the transfer functions from the gravity center to the power source attachment points on the product were also estimated. And then, the contribution from the gravity center to the power unit attachment point was obtained by multiplying generated force with the transfer function. As results, the obtained total contribution was almost same with the actual measured vibration at the attachment point. Furthermore, the rotational contribution
Kubo, RyomaHara, KentaYoshida, Junji
The transfer of conditions and regulations for RDE testing from passenger cars to motorcycles is a non-trivial undertaking. Motorcycles exhibit significant differences in construction and usage compared to cars, necessitating a distinct set of requirements for equipment and methodology. Currently available PEMS are hindered by their relatively large size and weight due to the embedded measurement technology and external power supply. The weight of, at least 50kg, poses a substantial additional load, leading to a deviation and, on average, higher load collective of the engine during RDE measurement rides. Beyond these structural parameters, the actual propulsion system and subsequent exhaust system introduce another challenge when employing PEMS on motorcycles. An unfavorable combination of the ratio of engine displacement to the volume of the exhaust system and long or unequal ignition intervals leads to pulsations, which has a considerable impact on the differential pressure-based
Schurl, SebastianKeller, StefanLankau, MathiasHafenmayer, ChristianSchmidt, StephanKirchberger, Roland
Small size engines feature several peculiarities that render them a challenge with respect to implementing measurements required for characterizing specific phenomena such as combustion evolution. Measuring in-cylinder pressure is well established as standard procedure for determining combustion characteristics, but in the case of small size units actually applying it can require alternative approaches. Fitting a crank angle encoder may be extremely difficult, as a consequence of the actual size of the power unit. Cost is another essential driver for small engine development that also influences how measurements are implemented. Within this context, the present work describes the development and implementation of a method that employs an algorithm that practically generates a ‘virtual’ encoder. Only a basic phasing signal is required, such as an inductive crankshaft position sensor output or that of an ignition pulser. The software was developed on an experimental engine with a crank
Irimescu, AdrianCecere, GiovanniMerola, Simona SilviaVaglieco, Bianca Maria
In automotive engineering, seam welds are frequently used to join or connect various parts of structures, frames, cradles, chassis, suspension components, and body. These welds usually form the weaker material link for durability and impact loads, which are measured by lab-controlled durability and crash tests, as well as real-world vehicle longevity. Consequently, designing robust welded components while optimizing for material performance is often prioritized as engineering challenge. The position, dimensions, material, manufacturing variation, and defects all affect the weld quality, stiffness, durability, impact, and crash performance. In this paper, the authors present best practices based on studies over many years, a rapid approach for optimizing welds, especially seam welds, by adopting Design For Six Sigma (DFSS) IDDOV (Identify, Define, Develop, Optimization, and Verification) discrete optimization approach. We will present the case testimony to show the approach throughout
Qin, Wenxin (Daniel)Li, FanPohl, Kevin J.
Video analysis plays a major role in many forensic fields. Many articles, publications, and presentations have covered the importance and difficulty in properly establishing frame timing. In many cases, the analyst is given video files that do not contain native metadata. In other cases, the files contain video recordings of the surveillance playback monitor which eliminates all original metadata from the video recording. These “video of video” recordings prevent an analyst from determining frame timing using metadata from the original file. However, within many of these video files, timestamp information is visually imprinted onto each frame. Analyses that rely on timing of events captured in video may benefit from these imprinted timestamps, but for forensic purposes, it is important to establish the accuracy and reliability of these timestamps. The purpose of this research is to examine the accuracy of these timestamps and to establish if they can be used to determine the timing
Molnar, BenjaminTerpstra, TobyVoitel, Tilo
Vehicle sideslip is a valuable measurement for ground vehicles in both passenger vehicle and racing contexts. At relevant speeds, the total vehicle sideslip, beta, can help drivers and engineers know how close to the limits of yaw stability a vehicle is during the driving maneuver. For production vehicles or racing contexts, this measurement can trigger Electronic Stability Control (ESC). For racing contexts, the method can be used for driver training to compare driver techniques and vehicle cornering performance. In a fleet context with Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVS) any vehicle telemetry reporting large vehicle sideslip can indicate an emergency scenario. Traditionally, sideslip estimation methods involve expensive and complex sensors, often including precise inertial measurement units (IMUs) and dead reckoning, plus complicated sensor fusion techniques. Standard GPS measurements can provide Course Over Ground (COG) with quite high accuracy and, surprisingly, the most
Hannah, AndrewCompere, Marc
Bicycle computers record and store kinematic and physiologic data that can be useful for forensic investigations of crashes. The utility of speed data from bicycle computers depends on the accurate synchronization of the speed data with either the recorded time or position, and the accuracy of the reported speed. The primary goals of this study were to quantify the temporal asynchrony and the error amplitudes in speed measurements recorded by a common bicycle computer over a wide area and over a long period. We acquired 96 hours of data at 1-second intervals simultaneously from three Garmin Edge 530 computers mounted to the same bicycle during road cycling in rural and urban environments. Each computer recorded speed data using a different method: two units were paired to two different external speed sensors and a third unit was not paired to any remote sensors and calculated its speed based on GPS data. We synchronized the units based on the speed signals and used one of the paired
Booth, Gabrielle R.Siegmund, Gunter P.
In this paper, based on the cylindrical flow theory of incompressible viscous fluids and the equivalent circuit model of resonant sensing elements, a theoretical model for the measurement of liquid viscosity with a U-Shaped tungsten wire resonance sensor was established. This model can measure the liquid viscosity independently without liquid density or coupled detection of liquid density. The experimental results show that the decoupling of liquid viscosity and its density can be achieved at Re<1. The liquid viscosity is strongly linear with the resonant conductance. The viscosity measurement error is less than 7.24% in the viscosity range of 7.235cP to 85.2cP.
Shan, BaoquanShen, YitaoYang, JianguoWu, Dehong
The Autocycle is a style of vehicle that most often utilizes a reverse-tricycle design with two front wheels and a single rear wheel. Modern autocycles in the United States are often utilized in a recreational role. This work presents physical measurements of two modern autocycles for use in accident reconstruction and pursues a deeper understanding of the unique attributes and handling associated with these vehicles. Vehicles were used to measure physical properties and subjected to cornering tests presented herein, and the data is compared to that for a conventional automobile. Observations on tire scuff marks are made from cornering tests unique to these vehicles. Strengths and challenges with this type of vehicle design are presented for various use cases as compared to conventional automobiles. Data and knowledge from this study are published to aid accident reconstruction efforts.
Warner, WyattSwensen, GrantWarner, Mark
Growth in the EV market is resulting in an unprecedented increase of electrical load from EV charging at the household level. This has led to concern about electric utilities’ ability to upgrade electrical distribution infrastructure at an affordable cost and sufficient speed to keep up with EV sales. Adoption of EVs in the California market has outpaced the national average and offers early insight for other regions of the United States. The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) partnered with two grid-edge Distributed Energy Resource Management System (DERMS) providers, the OVGIP (recently incorporated as ChargeScape, a joint venture of Ford, BMW, Honda, and Nissan) and Optiwatt, to deliver a vehicle telematics-based active managed charging pilot. The pilot program, launched in Summer 2022 enrolled approximately 1,200 EVs over two years including Tesla, Ford, BMW, and GM vehicles. The goal of this pilot program was to evaluate the business case for managed charging to mitigate
Liddell, ChelseaSchaefer, WalterDreffs, KoraMoul, JacobKay, CarolAswani, Deepak
In the Baja race, off-road vehicles need to run under a variety of real and complex off-road conditions such as pebble road, shell pit, stone bad road, hump, water puddle, etc. In the process of this high-intensity and high-concentration race, the unoptimized design of the cab in ergonomics will easily cause the driver's visual and handling fatigue, so that the driver's attention is not concentrated. Cause the occurrence of security accidents. Moreover, lower back pain, sciatic nerve discomfort, lumbar spine diseases and other occupational diseases are basically caused by uncomfortable driving posture and unreasonable control matching, and these have a lot to do with unreasonable ergonomic design. In order to solve these problems, firstly establish the human body model of the driver, and then build the BSC racing car model by using 3D modeling software Catia. Then use the ergonomics simulation software Jack to analyze the visibility, accessibility and comfort. Based on the simulation
Liu, YuzhouLiu, Silang
The trends of intelligence and connectivity are continuously driving innovation in automotive technology. With the deployment of more safety-critical applications, the demand for communication reliability in in-vehicle networks (IVNs) has increased significantly. As a result, Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards have been adopted in the automotive domain to ensure highly reliable and real-time data transmission. IEEE 802.1CB is one of the TSN standards that proposes a Frame Replication and Elimination for Reliability (FRER) mechanism. With FRER, streams requiring reliable transmission are duplicated and sent over disjoint paths in the network. FRER enhances reliability without sacrificing real-time data transmission through redundancy in both temporal and spatial dimensions, in contrast to the acknowledgment and retransmission mechanisms used in traditional Ethernet. However, previous studies have demonstrated that, under specific conditions, FRER can lead to traffic bursts and
Luo, FengRen, YiZhu, YianWang, ZitongGuo, YiYang, Zhenyu
Progressive emission reductions and stricter legislation require a closer look at the emission behaviour of a vehicle, in particular non-exhaust emissions and resuspension. In addition to the analysis of emissions in isolation, it is also necessary to consider the impact of transport routes and dispersion potential. These factors provide insight into the movement of dust particles and, consequently, the identification of particularly vulnerable areas. Measurements using low-cost environmental sensors can increase the level of detail of dispersion analyses and allow a statement on the distribution of emissions in the vehicle's wake, as several measuring points can be covered simultaneously. A newly developed measurement setup allows vehicle emissions to be recorded in a plane behind the vehicle in a measurement area of 2 by 2 metres. The measuring grid consisting of 16 sensors (4x4 grid) can be variably positioned up to 1 metre from the rear of the vehicle. The sensors detect fine dust
Kunze, MilesIvanov, ValentinGramstat, Sebastian
Utilization of fiber-reinforced composite laminates to their full potential requires consideration of angle-ply laminates in structural design. This category of laminates, in comparison with orthotropic laminates, imposes an additional degree of challenge, due to a lack of material principal axes, in determination of elastic laminate effective properties if the same has to be done experimentally. Consequentially, there is a strong inclination to resort to the usage of “CLPT” (Classical Laminated Plate Theory) for theoretically estimating the linear elastic mechanical properties including the cross-correlation coefficients coupling normal and shear effects. As an angle-ply laminate is architecturally comprised of layers of biased orthotropic laminas (based on unidirectional or woven bidirectional fibers), an essential prerequisite for the application of CLPT is an a-priori knowledge of elastic mechanical properties of a constituent lamina. It is natural to expect that the properties of
Tanaya, SushreeDeb, Anindya
Drivers present diverse landscapes with their distinct personalities, preferences, and driving habits influenced by many factors. Though drivers' behavior is highly variable, they can exhibit clear patterns that make sorting them into one category or another possible. Discrete segmentation provides an effective way to categorize and address the differences in driving style. The segmentation approach offers many benefits, including simplification, measurement, proven methodology, customization, and safety. Numerous studies have investigated driving style classification using real-world vehicle data. These studies employed various methods to identify and categorize distinct driving patterns, including naturalist differences in driving and field operational tests. This paper presents a novel hybrid approach for segmenting driver behavior based on their driving patterns. We leverage vehicle acceleration data to create granular driver segments by combining event and trip-based methodologies
Chavan, Shakti PradeepChinnam, Ratna Babu
The flow resistivity is a critical parameter for evaluating the acoustic performance of the porous materials. Accurate determination of flow resistivity is essential for predicting the characteristic impedance and propagation constants of materials. In this paper, a method is proposed to calculate the flow resistivity of kapok fiber felt, aiming to accurately assess the flow resistivity of kapok fiber felt. Based on the dual-porosity equivalent model of kapok fiber felt, it is hypothesized that the flow resistivity is divided into two components. One part from the large pores between fibers, and the other part from the hollow structures within kapok fibers and the micropores on the fiber walls. The contribution of the large pores between fibers to the flow resistivity is calculated using the Tarnow_S model. Meanwhile, the hollow pores within the kapok fibers and the micropores on the fiber walls are represented as an equivalent pore. The slip effects are considered, and experimental
Lin, JiamanKang, YingziXie, XinxingZhang, QuYang, ShanmiaoShangguan, Wen-Bin
Fatigue design is invariably of prior concern for the automotive industry, no matter of the evolution of the mobility market: at first because carmakers must stay compliant with general structural integrity requirements for reliability, notably applicable to the chassis system, then due to the endless competition for lightweighting in order to mitigate product costs and/or enhance vehicle efficiency. In the past, this key performance was often tackled by basic reference load cases, making use of the simplest signal content, e.g. sinus functions, to practice constant amplitude loads on test rigs and for computations, respectively. Nowadays, full time series coming from proving ground measurements, or any corresponding virtual road load data computations, may be applied to feed complex vehicle computations for virtual assessment and complex test facilities for final approval, under variable amplitude loads. In between, the concept of load spectra (i.e. distribution of amplitudes with
Facchinetti, Matteo LucaTjhung, TanaJaffre lng, SébastienDatta, SandipHayat lng, RomainGuo, Mingchao
A new method for bearing preload measurement has shown potential for both high accuracy and fast cycle time using the frequency response characteristics of the power transmission system. One open problem is the design of the production controller, which relies on a detailed sensitivity study of the system frequency response to changes in the bearing and system design parameters. Recently, an analytical model was developed for multi-row tapered roller bearings that includes all appropriate bearing and power transmission system design parameters. During the assembly process, some of the parameters related to the roller positions cannot be controlled. These parameters include the actual position of the first roller compared to the vertical axis, the relative position of the rollers between the bearing rows, and others. This work presents a sensitivity analysis of the effects of those uncontrollable parameters on the analytical model. The sensitivity study determines the percentage change
Gruzwalski, DavidMynderse, James
Accurate estimation of crucial quantities in automotive drivetrain systems is essential for optimizing performance, durability, and emissions. However, the presence of time delays, arising from tasks scheduling and communication latency between control units, can significantly hinder the effectiveness of advance control algorithms. Closed-loop performance is often limited by the equivalent time delay between the control action command, its effect on the system, and the measurement of the reaction. Frequently, commands and measurements originate from different sources, requiring precise coordination to accurately estimate the driveline response. This paper presents a novel model-based approach that integrates Kalman filtering with horizon prediction techniques to effectively address time-delay compensation. By leveraging the descriptive capabilities of physics-based models, the proposed method enables to overcome synchronization misalignment between commands, actuations and measurements
Rostiti, CristianPatel, NadirshCatkin, Bilal
The mechanical properties of materials play a crucial role in real life. However, methods to measure these properties are usually time-consuming and labour intensive. Small Punch Through (SPT) has non-destructive characteristics and can obtain load-displacement curves of specimens, but it cannot visually extract the mechanical properties of materials. Therefore, we designed a proprietary SPT experiment and fixture, built a finite element method (FEM) model and developed a multi-fidelity model capable of predicting the mechanical properties of steel and aluminium alloys. It makes use of multi-fidelity datasets obtained from SPT and FEM simulation experiments, and this integration allows us to support and optimize the predictive accuracy of the study, thus ensuring a comprehensive and reliable characterization of the mechanical properties of the materials. The model also takes into account variations in material thickness and can effectively predict the mechanical properties of materials
Zou, JieChen, YechaoLi, ShanshanHuayang, Xiang
In this study, the aerodynamics and surface flow field of a 1/5 scale SUV vehicle model called “AeroSUV” were experimentally investigated. The aerodynamics and surface flow field investigations were carried out in the wind tunnel at Hiroshima University with a Reynolds number ReL = 1.2×106, baseline yaw angle β = 0° and crosswind conditions β = 5°, 10° and 15° for two rear ends, Estateback and Fastback. The results provide aerodynamic information and detailed surface flow field information for a standard middle-class SUV vehicle with different rear ends, which is important for automotive design. By applying GLOF measurements to automotive aerodynamics, the skin friction topology was revealed in detail as surface flow field information that is useful for understanding the physics of the flow. The skin friction topology clearly shows the separation lines, reattachment lines, and focus points associated with the separation flow, longitudinal vortices and recirculation vortices of this
Hijikuro, MasatoShimizu, KeigoNakashima, TakujiHiraoka, Takenori
Conjugate heat transfer (CHT) analysis of electric motor cooling was performed, simulating both the standard and paperless stator designs, using the CFD software Simerics-MP+ to assess the predictive accuracy of the numerical simulations. The condition investigated involved the motor operating at 14,000 RPM. This high rotor speed was modeled using a novel hybrid approach for mesh rotation to make the problem more tractable. Oil and air, the two immiscible fluids, were modeled using the explicit interface-capturing Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. The traditional CHT approach is computationally expensive for electric motor cooling applications due to the heat transfer time scale differences between the fluid and the solid. Temperature changes in solids occur over a much slower time scale owning to their higher thermal inertia compared to fluids. Therefore, we model the fluid and solid domains separately and use a mixed-time scale approach to exchange the heat transfer data between them
Varghese, JoelSchlautman, JeffChen, YaweiBhunia, SrijohnSrinivasan, Chiranth
Wind tunnel calibration is necessary for repeatable and reproducible data for all industries interested in their output. Quantities such as wind speed, pressure gradients, static operating conditions, ground effects, force and moment measurements, as well as flow uniformity and angularity are all integral in an automotive wind tunnel’s data quality and can be controlled through appropriate calibration, maintenance, and statistical process control programs. The purpose of this technical paper is to (1) provide a basis of commonality for automotive wind tunnel calibration, (2) help customers and operators to determine the calibration standards best suited for their unique automotive wind tunnel and, (3) complement the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics recommended practice R-093-2003(2018) Calibration of Subsonic and Transonic Wind Tunnels as specifically applied to the automotive industry. This document compiles information from various automotive wind tunnel customers
Bringhurst, KatlynnBest, ScottNasr Esfahani, VahidSenft, VictorStevenson, StuartWittmeier, Felix
This paper investigates the problem of nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) strategy for a class of nonlinear systems with multiple actuators’ response time-delays. Conventional approaches that incorporate these time-delays into the NMPC formulation typically result in a significant increase in the optimization problem's scale. To address these problems, we propose a novel NMPC strategy. In the first stage, the NMPC strategy is designed for the nonlinear system without considering actuator’s response time-delay, thereby maintaining the original scale of the optimization problem. The optimal control sequence derived from this NMPC is then fitted to a time-continuous polynomial function, serving as a reference signal for the actuators' response time-delay models. In the second stage, combining inverse model and inverse Laplace transform techniques, a novel inverse model compensation control (IMCC) strategy is designed for actuators’ response time-delays. This IMCC strategy enables
Wang, Bin
Experimental studies of wind tunnel blockage for road vehicles have usually been conducted in model wind tunnels. Models have been made in a range of scales and tested in a working section of fixed size. More recently CFD studies of blockage have been undertaken, which allow a fixed vehicle size and the blockage is varied by changing the cross section of the flow domain. This has some inherent advantages. A very recent database of CFD derived drag and lift coefficients for different road vehicle shapes and simple bodies tested in a closed wall tunnel with a wide range of blockage ratios has become available and provides some additional insight into the blockage phenomenon. In this paper a process is developed to derive the parameters influencing wind tunnel blockage corrections from CFD data. These are shown to be reasonably effective for correcting the measured drag and lift coefficients at blockage ratios up to 10%.
Howell, JeffButcher, DanielGleason, Mark
Roller bearings are used in many rotating power transmission systems in the automotive industry. During the assembly process of the power transmission system, some types of roller bearings (e.g., tapered roller bearings) require a compressive preload force. Those bearings' rolling resistance and lifespan strongly depend on the preload set during the installation process. Therefore, accurate preload setting can improve bearing efficiency, increase bearing lifespan, and reduce maintenance costs over the life of the vehicle. A new method for bearing preload measurement has shown potential for high accuracy and fast cycle time using the frequency response characteristics of the power transmission system. One open problem is the design of the production controller, which relies on a detailed sensitivity study of the system frequency response to changes in the bearing and system design parameters. Recently, an analytical model was developed for multi-row tapered roller bearings that includes
Gruzwalski, DavidMynderse, James
This paper focuses on the basic principle of measuring viscosity and density with U-shaped tungsten wire sensor, and develops a model for measuring liquid viscosity and density with the help of oscillating ball model. Firstly, the working mechanism of the wire resonator is deeply analyzed. Then, by reducing the order of the fluid dynamic function, a simplified model is established for measuring the viscosity and density of liquid with U-shaped tungsten resonator. The experimental results show that the maximum error of viscosity is 7.22% and the average error is 2.81% when the viscosity ranges from 4.526mPa.s to 62.01mPa.s. In the range of 0.8486g/cm3 to 0.8711g/cm3, the maximum density error is 7.00% and the average density error is 1.89%. In summary, the simplified model proposed in this paper can accurately measure the viscosity and density of liquids.
Shan, BaoquanShen, YitaoYang, JianguoZhang, ZhaoyingWu, DehongZhao, Yingke
The natural wind experienced on public roads can increase the yaw angle and therefore drag coefficient (CD), which may contribute to the discrepancy between catalog fuel economy and actual fuel economy. The impact of yaw characteristics alone on fuel economy during actual driving has not been verified or proven as it is difficult to obtain actual driving data under uniform conditions. For this reason, shape optimization is normally performed at zero-yaw through the aerodynamic development phases. In this paper, two vehicles with different yaw sensitivity characteristics are driven simultaneously, and fuel economy measurements are performed simultaneously with ambient airflow, environment, and vehicle conditions. The results where the conditions of the two vehicles match are extracted to clarify the impact of the differences of yaw characteristics on fuel economy. The obtained results matched the values predicted by theoretical calculations for the impact of yaw angle on fuel economy
Onishi, YasuyukiNichols, LarryMetka, Mattmasumitsu, YasutakaInoue, Taisuke
Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) structures offer the possibility of reinventing structural parts and heat exchangers to obtain higher efficiency and lighter or even multi-functional components. The crescent global climate concern has led to increasingly stringent emissions regulations and the adoption of TPMS represents a resourceful tool for OEMs to downsize and lighten mechanical parts, thereby reducing the overall vehicle weight and the fuel consumption. In particular, TPMS structures are gaining growing interest in the heat exchanger field as their morphology allows them to naturally house two separate fluids, thus ensuring heat transfer without mixing. Moreover, TPMS-based heat exchangers can offer countless possible design configurations. These structures are obtained by periodic repetitions in the three spatial dimensions of a specific unit cell with defined dimensions and wall thickness. By tuning their characteristic parameters, the structure can be tailored to obtain
Torri, FedericoBerni, FabioMartoccia, LorenzoMarini, AlessandroMerulla, AndreaGiacalone, MauroColombini, Giulia
With the development of additive manufacturing technology, the concept of integrated design has been introduced and deeply involved in the research of body design. In this paper, by analyzing the structural characteristics of the electric vehicle body, we designed a body in white with the additive manufacturing process, and analyzed its mechanical properties through finite element method. According to the structural characteristics of the body, the integrated structure was modeled in three dimensions using CATIA. For the mechanical properties of the body, the strength and stiffness of the body structure were simulated and analyzed based on ANSYS Workbench. The results show that for the strength of the body, the maximum stress of the simulation results was compared with the permissible stress, and the maximum stress was calculated to be less than the permissible stress under each working condition. For the body stiffness, the displacement of the body deformation was used to measure, and
Xu, ChengZhang, MingWang, TaoZhang, Tang-yunCao, CanWang, Liangmo
Since aluminum alloys (AA) are widely used as structural components across various industries, higher requirements for shape-design, load-bearing, and energy-absorption capacity have been put forward. In this paper, we present the development of a numerical model, integrated with a compensation method, that effectively predicts processing defects in the bumper beam of a vehicle, resulting in a marked improvement in its forming quality. Specifically, different constitutive models are investigated for their applicability to the beam, enabling a precise evaluation of its structural performance under large deformation. The Johnson-Cook failure model is introduced to better characterize the fracture behavior of the beam under severe structural damage. The three-point bending experiment served as a rigorous examination, demonstrating good consistency between the experimental and simulation results. Furthermore, a prediction model for assessing the forming quality during the bending process
Zhang, ShizhenMeng, DejianGao, Yunkai
In-Mold Graining (IMG) is an innovative production technology applied to the skin wrapping of automotive interior components. In the design of automotive interior components of door panels and instrument clusters, to overcome process-related problems, such as the thinning of grain patterns and excessive reduction in thickness, simulation of the skin vacuum forming process is required. The Thermoplastic Olefin (TPO) skin material is investigated in this paper, and a viscoelastic mechanical model for this material is established. Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) is utilized to perform scan for frequency and temperature, and the tested data is used to obtain key model parameters of the viscoelastic constitutive model. Based on the experimental data, the study explores how to calculate the relaxation time spectrum to describe the viscoelastic properties of TPO material during the vacuum forming process. Numerical simulation of the vacuum forming process of TPO material is conducted using
Chai, BingjiGuo, YimingXie, XinxingZhang, Qu
Handling and ride comfort optimization are key vehicle design challenges. To analyze vehicle performance and investigate the dynamics of the vehicle and its subcomponents, we rely heavily on robust experimental data. The current article proposes an outdoor cleat test methodology to characterize tire dynamics. Compared to indoor procedures, it provides an effective tire operating environment, including the suspensions and the vehicle chassis motion influence. In addition, it overcomes the main limitation of existing outdoor procedures, the need for dedicated cleat test tracks, by using a set of removable cleats of different sizes. A passenger vehicle was equipped with sensors including an inertial measurement unit, a noncontact vehicle speed sensor, and a wheel force transducer, providing a setup suitable to perform both a handling test routine and the designed cleat procedure, aimed at ride testing and analysis. Thus, the outdoor cleat test data were compared with indoor test
Gravante, GerardoNapolitano Dell’Annunziata, GuidoBarbaro, MarioFarroni, Flavio
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 1316