Browse Topic: Power and Propulsion

Items (63,135)

Requirements, Methods and Models for early Electrified Drive Concept Development

2025-01-0304To be published on 07/02/2025

Computer-aided synthesis and development tools are essential for discovering and optimizing innovative concepts. Evaluating different concepts and making informed decisions relies heavily on accurate assessments of drive system properties. Estimating these properties in the early stages of development is challenging due to the depth of modelling required. In addition, defined requirements play a critical role in drive system sizing. This paper presents a tool chain for the synthesis of new electrified drive concepts, with emphasis on requirements definition and modelling. The requirements definition method combines market analysis with a generalized calculation and estimation approach, providing a novel perspective. In addition, we introduce mass and cost modelling capabilities integrated into the tool chain. The mass model achieves high accuracy, with deviations of only 1.6% at the vehicle level and 6.1% at the component level. Finally, the paper examines the mass and cost

Sturm, Axel

Method for externally controlled availability of lubricating oil in internal combustion engines.

2025-01-0302To be published on 07/02/2025

Reduced emissions in internal combustion engines (ICE) are a key component in reaching green-house-gas and pollutive emissions regulations. With increased effort, clean and efficient burning combustion cycles are being developed. With the need of even more efficient engines the friction of ICE engines plays an increasing role in engine efficiency. Also, ingress of lubricating oil into the combustion chamber is a source of particle emissions. Increased optimization to reduce parasitic drag in the piston assembly such as reduced ring pre-tension ore thinner grade oils further increase oil ingress into the combustion chamber with the result of increased particle emissions. The transport mechanisms of oil ingress into the combustion chamber therefore the topic of current research. Specially developed research engines with a vertical optical window have big potentials to visualize phenomena of the oil behavior inside the piston assembly in internal combustion engines. Therefore, these

Stark, Michael, Fellner, Felix, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch, Malte

Investigation on Thermal Management of Heavy-Duty Commercial FCEV with Focus on Vehicle System Efficiency

2025-01-0265To be published on 07/02/2025

The primary approach to meet the objectives of the EU Heavy Duty CO2 Regulation involves decarbonizing the road transport sector by battery electric vehicles (BEV) or hydrogen-fueled vehicles. Even though the well-to-wheel efficiency of hydrogen-fueled powertrains like fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) and H2-internal combustion engines (H2-ICE) is much lower in comparison to BEV, they are better suited for on-road heavy-duty trucks, long haul transport missions and regions with scarce charging infrastructure. Hence, this paper focuses on heavy-duty FCEVs and their overall energetic efficiency enhancement by intelligently managing energy transfer across coolant circuit boundaries through waste heat recovery, while ensuring that all relevant components remain within required temperature boundaries under both cold and hot ambient conditions. Results were obtained using a 1D-model that comprises all thermal fluid circuits (refrigerant, coolant, air) created through GT-Suite software

Uhde, Sophia, Langhorst, Thorsten, Wuest, Marcel, Naber, Dirk

Numerical analysis of direct-injection and combustion inside a H2 engine

2025-01-0301To be published on 07/02/2025

The direct injection of hydrogen (H2) inside internal combustion engines (ICEs) is gaining large research interest over the port-fuel injection strategy, because of several advantages as higher volumetric efficiencies, increased power output and reduced risks of abnormal combustion. However, the required high pressure ratios across the injector nozzle produce moderate-to-high under-expanded jets, characterized by complex flow structures. This poses a challenge for the numerical modelling of the mixture preparation by means of 3D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) approaches. In this work, a validated 3D-CFD methodology has been employed to simulate the closed-valve cycle of a direct injection H2 engine equipped with a centrally mounted hollow-cone injector and a non-axisymmetric piston bowl. First, injection and mixture preparation have been studied considering an early injection at the beginning of the compression stroke, and a delayed injection in the second half of the compression

Capecci, Marcolucio, Sforza, Lorenzo, Lucchini, Tommaso, D'Errico, Gianluca, Pezza, Vincenzo, Tosi, Sergio

Modular Thermal Management Framework for Electric Drive System Development

2025-01-0262To be published on 07/02/2025

The automotive industry is undergoing a major shift from internal combustion engines (ICE) to hybrid (HEV) and battery-electric vehicles (BEV), which has led to significant advancements and increased complexity in drivetrain design and thermal management systems. This complexity reflects the growing need to optimize energy efficiency, extend vehicle range, and ensure system reliability in modern electric vehicles. At the Institute of Automotive Engineering, a specialized synthesis tool for drivetrain optimization is used to identify the best drivetrain configurations based on specific boundaries and requirements. Building up on this toolchain a modular and adaptable thermal management framework has been developed, addressing another critical aspect of vehicle and drive development: efficient thermal circuit layout and its impact on energy consumption and overall system reliability. The thermal framework emphasizes the dynamic interactions between key components, such as electric

Notz, Fabian, Sturm, Axel, Sander, Marcel, Kässens, Christoph, Henze, Roman

In Situ Observation of Different Soot Layers in a Model Filter Channel During Its Regeneration

2025-01-0312To be published on 07/02/2025

To keep the air clean, wall-flow particulate filters are predominantly used in the exhaust gas after-treatment systems of combustion engines to remove reactive soot and inert ash particles. These filters consist of parallel porous channels with alternately closed ends, effectively separating particles by forming a layer on the filter surface. However, the particulate layer increases the pressure drop, requiring periodic regeneration. During regeneration, soot oxidation breaks up the particulate layer, while resuspension and transport of individual agglomerates may occur. These phenomena are influenced by gas temperature and velocity, as well as dispersity and the reactivity of the soot particles. Sustainable fuels can produce different types of soot with different reactivities and dispersities, therefore this study focuses on the influences of soot dispersity and reactivity by varying the reactive particle system. A model wall-flow filter channel is used for the investigation, enabling

Desens, Ole, Hagen, Fabian P., Meyer, Jörg, Dittler, Achim

A New Electrified Planetary Gear Set - The Cost- and Fuel-Efficient Alternative to Continuously Variable Transmissions

2025-01-0309To be published on 07/02/2025

In order to mitigate the effects of climate change, the global transport sector, one of the largest emitters of CO2, needs to drastically reduce its emissions. Although hybridization and electrification are becoming increasingly popular as a solution for a variety of applications, their use in two- and three-wheelers, as well as in recreational and powersports vehicles, remains limited due to their high costs and complexity compared to conventional drivetrains with continuously variable transmissions (CVTs). Despite their affordability and simplicity, CVTs suffer from low mechanical efficiency, with transmission losses ranging from 20–50 %, highlighting a significant opportunity for improvement. In response to these limitations, this study presents the development and experimental evaluation of an electrified planetary gear set (ePGS) in a lightweight off-road vehicle. It is designed to overcome the efficiency limitations of CVTs while maintaining high driving comfort and low system

Jakoby, Moritz, Engels, Michael, Fahrbach, Timm, Andert, Jakob

Variable Valve Actuation and Split Injection to Enhance the Gas Exchange of a Passive Pre-chamber Igniter

2025-01-0315To be published on 07/02/2025

Multiple measures were investigated for this study to enhance a passive pre-chamber igniter’ gas exchange in a single-cylinder engine. The findings support the development of passive pre-chamber ignition systems operable over the whole engine map for passenger vehicles. Pre-chambers in general represent an established technology for combustion acceleration by increasing the available ignition energy. Realizing rapid fuel conversion facilitates mixture dilution extension with satisfying combustion stability. More importantly, knock induced spark retarding can be circumvented thus reducing emission and increasing efficiency at high engine loads. There are two configurations of pre-chamber igniters: firstly, passive pre-chambers, secondly, scavenged pre-chamber. The focus of this study is on the passive design, incorporating an additional small volume around the spark plug into the cylinder head. Hot jets exit this volume after the ignition onset through several orifices. These jets

Fellner, Felix

Application of Sustainable Aviation Fuels in CI Aviation Engines: In-Flight Investigations

2025-01-0317To be published on 07/02/2025

To achieve a significant reduction in net CO₂ emissions in the aviation sector, sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) are considered a key factor. Current research efforts are therefore focused on SAFs, which exhibit properties that differ from conventional kerosene, particularly in aspects critical to compression-ignition (CI) engines, such as cetane number, evaporation behavior or lubricity. These differences necessitate dedicated investigations to assess their suitability and performance in such engines. However, real operating conditions — such as intake air- and exhaust- pressure levels during flight — cannot be fully replicated on standard engine test benches. For this reason, real flight experiments were conducted to address these limitations. Notably, this work marks the first instance of in-flight testing of SAFs in CI aviation engines, constituting a significant milestone in this research area. In the course of these investigations, ASTM D7566 Annex A2-compliant HEFA

Kleissner, Florian, Reitmayr, Christian, Hofmann, Peter

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Direct Injection Process for Hydrogen-Fuelled Internal Combustion Engines

2025-01-0307To be published on 07/02/2025

In the context of the clean transport sector, there has been growing interest in the use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines due to its potential to nearly eliminate all engine-out criteria pollutants, while maintaining high thermal efficiency through the use of a lean combustion process. Direct Injection (DI) is widely recognized as a method for enhancing thermal efficiency and minimizing the risk of abnormal combustion. However, a major challenge is the reduced time available for mixture homogenization, making injection timing a critical parameter to optimize. To address this, a comprehensive experimental campaign was conducted in a constant volume vessel to assess the performance of a hydrogen injector using the Schlieren technique. The jet behavior was analyzed by varying injector recess, injection pressure, and back pressure. Subsequently, the case study was replicated in a 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) environment, addressing the complexities associated with

Pucillo, Francesco, Piano, Andrea, Millo, Federico, Giordana, Sergio, Rapetto, Nicola, Vargiu, Luca

Prediction of hazardous gaseous emissions from a gasoline engine during cold starts using machine learning methods

2025-01-0321To be published on 07/02/2025

Internal combustion engines generate higher exhaust emissions of hazardous gases during the initial minutes after engine start. Experimental data from a state-of-the-art turbo-charged 3-cylinder, 999 cc gasoline engine are used to predict cold start emissions using two Machine Learning (ML) models: a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) which is a fully connected neural network and an Encoder-Decoder Recurrent Neural Network (ED-RNN). Engine parameters and various temperatures are used as input for the models and NOx, CO, and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions are predicted. The dataset includes time series recordings from the Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) and four Real Diving Emissions (RDE) cycles at ambient and initial engine temperatures ranging from -20 °C to +23 °C. In total, 21 cases are considered, consisting of eight different ambient temperatures and five distinct driving cycles. Each case consists of a sequence of 2500 samples taken at 5 Hz. The

Mangipudi, Manoj, Denev, Jordan A., Bockhorn, Henning, Trimis, Dimosthenis, Koch, Thomas, Debus, Charlotte, Götz, Markus, Zirwes, Thorsten, Hagen, Fabian P., Tofighian, Hesam, Wagner, Uwe, Braun, Samuel, Lanzer, Theodor, Knapp, Sebastian M.

Optimisation of Rotor Skewing of a Yokeless And Segmented Armature Axial Flux Machine

2025-01-0311To be published on 07/02/2025

This paper presents an optimization of rotor skewing of an Axial Flux Machine (AFM) in a Yokeless And Segmented Armature (YASA) design in the torque-speed characteristics diagram. AFM have advantages regarding a compact design and high torque density compared to other variants of permanent magnet machines. The drive train Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) performance is influenced by cogging torque, magnetic torque ripple and tooth forces. While the axial skewing of rotors in radial flux machines (RFM) has already been extensively studied to minimize these magnetic excitations, this represents a target value for optimizations in AFM. Optimizations are carried out and validated using 2D and 3D finite-element (FE) models. The 2D model combines multiple 2D slices but lacks accuracy because an insufficient inclusion of 3D effects. The 3D model allows to obtain a noticeable reduction by more than 30% of the dominant torque harmonic amplitudes over the whole torque-speed range in

Müller, Karsten

Impact of the distribution of charging and hydrogen refueling stations on their reachability for craft vehicles with a defined usage profile

2025-01-0310To be published on 07/02/2025

This Paper examines the impact of the distribution of charging and hydrogen refueling stations on their reachability for craft vehicles with a defined usage profile. A simulation-based methodology is presented for this purpose. The simulation tool models daily trips for craft vehicles, taking into account amongst others the company location, the client stops, the operating radius and the average daily driving distance. Based on these inputs, the simulation tool calculates the number of charging or refueling opportunities for typical daily trips of the craft vehicle. To investigate the impact of locations on the frequency of encountering energy provisions, simulations are conducted in three regions: Ulm (urban), Stuttgart (metropolitan), and Munderkingen (rural). Furthermore, the impact of different locations within the same infrastructural area is examined by assessing multiple company locations in Ulm. The findings indicate that the urban zone of Ulm is characterized by a highly dense

Heilmann, Oliver, Müller, Julian, Heinrich, Marco, Cortès, Sven, Schlick, Michael, Kulzer, André Casal

Effect of Gasoline Component on Fuel Economy of WLTC Drive with EGR and Lean Combustion

2025-01-0305To be published on 07/02/2025

It is becoming increasingly clear that research into alternative fuels, including drop-in fuels, is essential for the continued survival of the internal combustion engine. In this study, the authors have evaluated olefinic and oxygenated fuels as drop-in fuels using a single-cylinder engine and considering fuel characteristic parameters. The authors have assessed thermal efficiency by adding the EGR or air from 0 to the maximum value that allows stable combustion. Next, we attempted to predict fuel efficiency for four types of passenger cars (Japanese small K-car N/A, K-car T/C, Series-HV, and Power-split-HV) by changing the fuels. We created a model in OpenModelica to estimate fuel efficiency during WLTC driving. The results indicated that fuel economy could potentially be improved by adding an olefin fuel that burns stably even with a large amount of EGR or air and an oxygen fuel whose octane number increases. It was observed that the fuel economy improvement rate was particularly

Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Xu, Fuguo, Wang, Zhiyuan, Tanaka, Kotaro, Kuboyama, Tatsuya

Comprehensive optical and numerical investigation of hydrogen spray formation for a commercial gasoline hollow-cone injector

2025-01-0313To be published on 07/02/2025

Hydrogen produced from renewable sources offers the opportunity to reduce future emissions and enable CO2-neutral mobility by both adapting existing internal combustion engines (ICE) and developing new combustion engine systems. One challenge of hydrogen direct injection (DI) ICE is to optimize the mixture formation to ensure low engine out emissions as well as high efficiencies. In the study presented in this paper, a conventional piezo hollow-cone gasoline injector, commonly used in passenger car series, was adapted for high-pressure hydrogen direct injection applications. Therefore, optical measurements within a low pressure chamber (LPC) were conducted using a high-speed Schlieren imaging measurement technique to visualize the injection behavior and spray pattern at various injection conditions. The visualization of density gradients during the injection process showed a slightly decreased relative gaseous penetration length (GPL) of 4% for hydrogen in comparison to helium while

Fleischmann, Maximilian, Mirsch, Niklas, Ghanoum, Mohamad, Morcinkowski, Bastian, Adomeit, Philipp, Pischinger, Stefan

Upgradable Mechatronic Systems – Integration of Upgrade Planning and Design for Sustainable Vehicle Development

2025-01-0290To be published on 07/02/2025

The automotive industry faces the challenge of developing vehicles that meet current customer requirements while being future-proof. Surveys show that customers fear financial risks associated with essential subsystems like batteries due to aging and performance degradation, which significantly affects the service life of vehicles. Therefore, the rapid technological progress in electrified powertrain systems requires innovative approaches for high adaptability to changing demands. This paper presents an approach combining foresight-based planning of system-level upgrades with product architecture design to create adaptable and sustainable vehicles through modularity. Potential battery and energy storage technologies are identified, their market introduction is forecasted, and they are analyzed technically-functional and geometrically to create flexible design spaces within the product architecture. This enables the future integration of new, more efficient, or higher-performance

Fehrenbacher, Rüdiger, Kuebler, Maximilian, Zeng, Yunying, Bause, Katharina, Albers, Albert, Nootny, Fabio, Kolbe, Lucia, Jung, Luca

Kinetic Energy Recovery: Assessment on the impact of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor and Battery Dynamic models

2025-01-0303To be published on 07/02/2025

This paper examines the influence of a detailed dynamic model of a Surface Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (SPMSM) on the accurate evaluation of kinetic energy recovery during braking in a mild hybrid vehicle. The model, implemented in MATLAB Simulink, is based on the motor's DQ equivalent circuit, accounting for transient effects, inductance variability, and magnetic saturation. Also, a 2nd Order Thevenin Equivalent model of the battery is used in order to take into account the bus voltage variability. Simulations reveal that the dynamic model predicts significant variations in energy recovery potential, with differences of up to 25% compared to static models under specific braking conditions. These discrepancies are particularly pronounced during high-speed high-torque transitions, where transient electrical behaviors strongly influence energy recovery. The model’s accuracy enhances the reliability of energy simulations, especially in scenarios involving frequent or intense

Lombardi, Simone, Federici, Leonardo, Tribioli, Laura

External damping of roller bearings and its effect on the acoustics of an e-mobility gearbox

2025-01-0323To be published on 07/02/2025

This study analyses the effect of external damping of roller bearings on the acoustic behaviour of gearboxes in electric powertrains. The increasing adoption of electric vehicles has increased the importance of mitigating gearbox noise, as the lack of masking noise from internal combustion engines and the higher operating speeds of electric motors exacerbate the acoustic challenges. Gearbox noise, which is primarily caused by tooth mesh excitation and its transmission through shafts and bearings, requires strategies to minimise its impact on vehicle comfort and performance. External damping is introduced via adapters integrated into the outer bearing ring, which are used to modify the vibrational behaviour of the bearing assembly and reduce both structure-borne and airborne noise emissions. A systematic approach using Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology is used to quantify the effects of this damping. This approach allows the analysis of critical parameters including material

von Schulz, Kai, Linde, Tilmann, Jäger, Steffen

Closed-loop real-time simulation of the thermal and electromagnetic behavior in electric drive trains: Optimizing model accuracy for virtual prototyping

2025-01-0320To be published on 07/02/2025

This paper presents a coupled electromagnetic and thermal simulation of Permanently Excited Synchronous Machines (PMSM) in the context of virtual prototyping in a real-time Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) environment. Particularly in real-time simulations, thermal influences are often neglected due to the increased complexity of a coupled simulation. This results in inaccurate simulations and incomplete design optimizations. The objective of this contribution is to enable a precise and realistic real-time simulation that represents the electromagnetic as well as the thermal behavior. The electromagnetic simulation is executed used a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and parameterized by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) results. The thermal model is based on a Lumped-Parameter-Thermal-Network (LPTN), which is based on physical laws, geometry parameters and material specifications. The simulation results are validated with testbench measurements to ensure the accuracy of the overall model. By

Jonczyk, Fabian, Kara, Onur, Bergheim, Yannick, Lee, Sung-Yong, Strop, Malte, Prochotta, Fabian, Andert, Jakob

Optimization of Metallic Substrate by 1D simulations to fulfill High Power Cold Start Conditions

2025-01-0308To be published on 07/02/2025

The future of the internal combustion engine is strictly related to his capability to have Life Cycle Emission comparable to the pure Battery Electric Vehicles. To achieve this goal, it will be necessary not only to have carbon free fuels but also to increase the hybridization of the powertrain in order to have lower fuel consumption. On the other hand, it will be necessary to reduce to almost zero any further emissions of pollutants. For this reason, highly sophisticated exhaust aftertreatment must be developed. One particular use case is the so-called High-Power Cold Start. This can occur for the Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles when the transition from pure electric drive to ICE assisted drive happens during high load request, for example an acceleration on the freeway ramp. This use case has been evaluated by CARB and in many other works. Nevertheless, in this particular paper, the Authors would like to investigate which Metallic Substrate Technology fits better during a HPCS. This

Montenegro, Gianluca, Onorati, Angelo, Della Torre, Augusto, Marinoni, Andrea, Pace, Lorenzo, Konieczny, Katrin, Laurell, Mats, Klövmark, Henrik

In-Depth Experimental Investigation into Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Light-Duty Engine Fuelled with Pure Hydrogen

2025-01-0314To be published on 07/02/2025

Transitioning to zero-carbon fuels is pivotal for expediting the reduction of carbon emissions. Hydrogen demonstrates significant adaptability and emerges as a principal zero-carbon alternative fuel for carbon-based internal combustion engine (ICE) platforms. Implementing hydrogen in both spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines has proven to be both economically viable and timely; nevertheless, it presents several technical challenges that must be addressed. The study analyses the performance and emissions of a single-cylinder boat engine converted from diesel to 100% hydrogen. A port fuel injection (PFI) system was adopted to operate the engine with hydrogen by replacing the diesel injector with a spark plug engine without any modification to the cylinder head. The engine features an automated shutdown system to mitigate intake backfire risks associated with hydrogen PFI systems. A comprehensive engine characterization was conducted at a wide range of relative air-to

Mohamed, Mohamed, Zaman, Zayne, Lu, Enshen, Feng, Yizhuo, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua

Morphology Experiment of Icing Effect on Spray Propagation

2025-01-0222To be published on 06/16/2025

The working conditions of combustion systems have been going extreme under the desire of human beings exploring the unknown. Cold environments can be a significant impact on the spraying of fuel not only by changing the fuel properties including viscosity and surface tension, but also by freezing the parts. In the present study, methanol spray from a commercial injector is studied via high-speed imaging, with the liquid fuel being frozen to sub-zero degrees at the injector tip. It is observed that water components from the environment will freeze at the injector tip, creating crystal structures on the surface. During the injection, the ice components will be flushed by the liquid, and the spray morphology of the starting cycle will be strongly altered, resulting in wider spray angles, much shorter penetrations, and particle structures can be observed in the downstream of the flow field. The results of the experiment provide a clear view and quantified evaluation of the freezing impact

zeng, Tingxi, Wang, Shangning, Zhang, Yijia, Hung, David, Xu, Min

Effects of Double Injection Strategy in a Diesel-Ammonia Dual-Fuel Engine

2025-01-0206To be published on 06/16/2025

This study investigates the application of a double injection strategy in a single-cylinder marine diesel-ammonia dual-fuel engine retrofitted for experimental analysis. Diesel micro-pilot (MP) injection was used to ignite ammonia combustion, with diesel and ammonia injected separately into the cylinder through dedicated injectors. The first MP injection timing was fixed at -20 CAD before ammonia injection timing, and both early and late double MP injection strategies were implemented to evaluate their effects on ammonia combustion, engine performance, and exhaust emissions. Under all conditions, the ammonia injection timing remained constant. Early double injection strategies, with the second MP injection occurring before the first, enhanced premixed diesel combustion by raising in-cylinder temperature and pressure. However, this early heat release was ineffective for ammonia evaporation and combustion due to poor timing alignment. In contrast, late double injection strategies, with

Park, Chansoo, jang, Ilpum, Park, Cheolwoong, Kim, Minki, Park, Gyeongtae

Sound Granular Synthesis Method for Science Fiction Sound Quality of Electric Vehicles

2025-01-0253To be published on 06/16/2025

Since the powertrain systems of electric vehicles (EVs) lack the traditional engine sound, their NVH performance differs from that of conventional fuel-powered vehicles, making the use of active sound design (ASD) systems increasingly common to provide compensatory sound. With the increasing demand for ASD systems, sci-fi sounds are emerging as a design direction to enhance the acoustic feedback of powertrain systems and to elevate the futuristic and immersive driving experience of vehicles. A method for generating sci-fi soundscapes using a granular synthesis algorithm is proposed in this paper. First, a sci-fi sound is designed based on the characteristics of sci-fi sounds, which serves as the target sound for the synthesis algorithm. Then, it is proposed that sound grains are generated using the adaptive main frequency method, and granular synthesis is achieved through the overlap-and-add (OLA) method. In addition, a method for optimizing the composite cosine window function based

Liu, Dezhu

Ultra low engine-out particle emissions from gas fuelled engines through lube oil formulation: evidence from an experimental campaign and machine learning based approach for data analysis

2025-01-0249To be published on 06/16/2025

The transportation industry has undergone major changes in the past years, switching from traditional fossil fuels supply to alternative and cleaner ones. This is true especially in the field of heavy-duty (HD) engines, where Compressed Natural Gas is currently the most valid substitute of Diesel for off-road and transport applications. The upcoming stringent limits on sub-23 nm particles emissions will regard also gas fuelled engines; their compliance with future regulations requires great technological effort. The present work is addressed to the investigation of strategies to reduce particles emitted from HD gas engines. In particular, focus of the activity is the study of the potentiality offered by lubricant oils formulation in particle number (PN) emissions control. Indeed, particle emissions from gas engines come mainly from the combustion of lubricant oil leaking into the engine combustion chamber. An extensive experimental campaign on an HD SI engine with different lubricants

Guido, Chiara, Napolitano, Pierpaolo, Arpino, Alfonso, Cerbone, Daniele, Di Domenico, Davide, Beatrice, Carlo, Bozza, Fabio

Numerical Simulation and Parametric Optimization of Engine/Powertrain Mounts: Identifying Key Design Variables to Reduce NVH Noise

2025-01-0251To be published on 06/16/2025

Abstract: Introduction: Engine and powertrain mounts are vital for isolating vibrations and reducing the transmission of Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) from the engine to the vehicle structure. Despite technological advancements, addressing NVH issues related to tribological factors continues to pose significant challenges in automotive engineering. Aim: This study aims to systematically identify and optimize design parameters of engine/powertrain mounts to minimize NVH levels using CAE tools and parametric optimization techniques in Abaqus and Isight, respectively. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to investigate the correlation between various design parameters of powertrain mounts and their impact on NVH characteristics. Specific attention is focused on noises such as clunking, banging, or thumping that emerge from the engine bay under dynamic conditions like acceleration, braking, or turning. These sounds often occur as the engine moves excessively due to worn mounts

GANESAN, KARTHIKEYAN

Investigating lubricants base oils reactivity in ammonia/hydrogen engines via accelerated aging

2025-01-0240To be published on 06/16/2025

As a carbon-free molecule, ammonia is more and more considered as a relevant fuel for long distance and off-road applications. However, this gas has different combustion characteristics compared to conventional fuels, challenging the suitability of lubricants to such engines. In this work, the evolution of lubricants under conditions mimicking ammonia combustion was assessed. Mineral and polyester lubricant base oils were exposed to oxygen, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia in a pressurized reactor under stirring. Oil aliquots were sampled at regular intervals, and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), viscosity and total oxygen and nitrogen contents measurements. Exposure to air containing nitrogen oxides resulted in quicker accumulation of oxidation products compared to neat air, for both the mineral and complex polyester base oil. Besides, exposure to gaseous ammonia in air resulted in a slower oxidation rate for both oils, compared to neat air. A global

Doncoeur, Carole, Giarracca, Lucia, Cologon, Perrine, Rousselle, Christine

Combustion and emission characteristics of marine Ammonia-Diesel dual fuel single-cylinder engine with MP injector change

2025-01-0235To be published on 06/16/2025

Recently, as regulations on greenhouse gas emissions due to global warming have tightened, there has been growing interest in engines that use environmentally friendly fuels. In this context, ammonia is gaining attention as a potential alternative to fossil fuels in the future. However, due to the unique fuel characteristics of ammonia compared to traditional fuels, research is being conducted on using diesel as an ammonia ignition source. In this study, combustion and exhaust characteristics were compared according to the characteristics of micro-pilot diesel injectors in the marine ammonia-diesel dual fuel single-cylinder engine. Various injectors with different hole numbers and sizes were examined (Injector A: more holes and larger size, Injector B: fewer holes and smaller size). To maintain a constant energy ratio between ammonia and diesel at a steady load, the injection duration was adjusted, and the MP injection timing varied in 5 CAD intervals to evaluate performance and

Jang, Ilpum, Park, Cheolwoong, Kim, Minki, Park, Chansoo, Kim, Yongrae, Park, Gyeongtae, Lee, Jeongwoo

A Numerical approach to predict UREA crystal deposition in the exhaust system

2025-01-0233To be published on 06/16/2025

The stringent emission regulations for NOx pollutants force further development of automotive exhaust aftertreatment systems with selective catalytic reduction. Crystal free operation is one of the major requirements for automotive exhaust aftertreatment systems with selective catalytic reduction using urea water solution as NH3carrier fluid. A high injection rate of UWS or unfavorable operating such as high injection rate or low exhaust temperatures conditions may lead to formation of solid deposits. Both may lead to formation of solid deposits which increase backpressure and impair ammonia uniformity. Crystals forming on the injector tip may fail the emissions test and will also need frequent service to the vehicle, which will be stinging point to the customer. To optimize the exhaust path, a reliable & a faster numerical simulation approach was considered. An initial assessment of the spray deposit and the correlation with the experiment is initially studied to understand the

Krishnan, Karthikeyan N.

Innovative testing methodology for investigating H2 combustion influenced by lube oil

2025-01-0250To be published on 06/16/2025

The path to a climate-neutral future requires innovative solutions and technological openness in the question of future propulsion systems. Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines can provide a solution, particularly for long-distance and heavy-duty transport as well as for mobile machinery. The controllability of hydrogen-based combustion is a major challenge due to its unique properties. Latter promotes the typically stochastic occurrence of irregular combustion phenomena such as knocking or pre-ignition. Both types of abnormal combustion can lead to significantly increased peak pressures and thus to a considerable limitation of the optimization potential and the long-term stability of components. Lube oil from various oil loss sources is considered one of the triggering factors in the formation path of irregular combustion phenomena. Oil-induced pre-ignitions result from the interaction of many different influencing factors and local sub-processes in the combustion chamber. For

Schneider, Michael, Wilfling, Kevin, Eder, Markus, Grabner, Peter, Philipp, Harald, Lurf, Gottfried

Design and optimisation of pre-chamber ignition system for heavy-duty hydrogen engine at lean conditions

2025-01-0229To be published on 06/16/2025

Strict regulations and legislation for carbon emissions and pollution from heavy-duty engines are pushing towards carbon-free fuels such as Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines. Moving towards this goal, the engine design needs to fully comply with Hydrogen’s unique characteristics to achieve optimum performance and efficiency. One of the aspects that has the potential to improve combustion efficiency and emissions is adopting the pre-chamber ignition strategy in large bore engines at lean conditions. The pre-chamber is a small cavity, usually 3-6% of the total engine volume, installed on the cylinder head, housing the initial combustion event, which would then be injected into the main chamber via nozzles placed at the bottom of the pre-chamber. This ignition strategy would provide multiple flame fronts into the main chamber, accelerating combustion speed and enhancing engine performance. However, the pre-chamber must be designed dedicatedly for Hydrogen combustion to

Keshtkar, Hossein, Feng, Yizhuo, Zhao, Hua, Wang, Xinyan

Analysis of Combustion Characteristics of a Small 2-Stroke Opposed Piston Engine Using an Optically Accessible Engine and Numerical Analysis

2025-01-0223To be published on 06/16/2025

As global warming becomes more serious, decarbonization of internal combustion engines, which emit a large amount of carbon dioxide, is being promoted. It is predicted that many vehicles will still be equipped with engines in 2035, and a variety of powertrains will be required in the future. Therefore, we focused on the opposed-piston engine as an internal combustion engine specialized for power generation applications. The opposed-piston engine is characterized by its light weight due to the absence of a cylinder head, low S/V ratio due to the ultra-long stroke, reduced cooling loss due to the long stroke, and reduced vibration due to the offsetting of the reciprocating inertial forces of the left and right pistons. We believe that the engine for power generation can achieve the required high efficiency operation and vibration reduction. Therefore, in this study, combustion analysis of a two-stroke opposed-piston engine with features of low vibration, high efficiency, and high output

Yamazaki, Yoshiaki, Iijima, Akira, Liu, Jinru, Otaki, Yusuke, Watanabe, Sou, Okawara, Ikumi

Performance evaluation of a turbocharged spark-ignition engine operating on various H2-gasoline blend ratios

2025-01-0227To be published on 06/16/2025

The transportation sector's significant contribution to global carbon emissions has intensified the search for cleaner alternative fuels, with hydrogen (H2) emerging as a promising candidate. Its high energy density, clean combustion characteristics, and compatibility with existing internal combustion engine (ICE) technology make it particularly attractive as an alternative to conventional fuels. While pure H2-fuelled ICEs still face numerous technical challenges, H2-gasoline dual fuel systems present a practical transitional approach, offering the benefits of hydrogen combustion while utilizing existing fuelling infrastructure. This study presents an experimental investigation of a turbocharged spark-ignition (SI) engine operating on various H2-gasoline fuel blends. The port-injection engine, which serves as the core test unit in UTM-LoCARtic's facility, has been extensively tested under various operating conditions (steady-state, transient, and drive cycles) and different

Rajoo, Srithar

Commercial vehicles exhaust front pipe reliability improvement through virtual simulation and experimental Validation

2025-01-0209To be published on 06/16/2025

Exhaust front pipe is an important structural component of any commercial vehicle. It requires to be reliable enough to ensure leak proof flow of exhaust gases into exhaust after treatment system and at the same time it must withstand engine as well as frame vibrations. To isolate engine and frame vibrations, front pipe is equipped with flex connector having ability to withstand several displacements at certain frequency level. The position of flex connector with respect to engine crank axis plays an important role in its structural reliability during its services life. This paper presents a comparison between existing design with horizontal position versus modified design with vertically positioned flex connector evaluated with excitation of 25 mm lateral displacement at 8 Hz frequency and a correlation has been established between virtual simulation and experimental validation. Virtual and experimental results conclude that there is 70% of increase in front pipe life when flex

Paroche, Sonu, Chandel, Kushal, NAMDEV, AKHILESH, Jain, Shailendra, Patil, Keyur

Development of Ling Xi Digital Intelligent Chassis Control System for the IM L6 Pure Electric Vehicle

2025-01-0188To be published on 06/16/2025

The IM L6 is the fourth product under the IM brand, featuring both rear-motor two-wheel drive and dual-motor all-wheel drive configurations. This article introduces the Ling Xi Digital Intelligent Chassis system of the IM L6, which includes air springs, CDC (Continuous Damping Control), rear-wheel steering system, braking system, front-wheel steering system, and electric drive system. The study explores how adjusting the damping of the CDC achieves a more comfortable damping effect. Through precise control of the rear-wheel steering system, the vehicle achieves smaller turning radii, crab walk capability, optimized response in moose test conditions, and improved performance on split-friction surfaces. By coordinating the IBS (Intelligent Brake System) and VMC (Vehicle Motion Control), an exceptionally comfortable braking experience is achieved.

Zhou, Yuxing, Li, Wen

Effects of Injection and Intake Timing on Spray development and Combustion in a Hybrid GDI Optical Engine under the Low-Speed, Low-Load Condition

2025-01-0203To be published on 06/16/2025

With the growing trend of hybridization in modern engines, hybrid gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are typically designed for high-load, mid-to-high-speed operation to achieve optimal fuel economy. However, these engines inevitably operate under low-speed, low-load conditions where insufficient intake air often leads to poor air-fuel mixing and weak turbulence, resulting in suboptimal combustion. Adjusting intake and injection timing presents a simple and effective approach to optimizing the combustion process in hybrid GDI engines. In this study, an optical engine with a combustion system geometry identical to that of an advanced hybrid GDI engine is used. The engine features a compression ratio of 15.0:1 and is equipped with a variable timing camshaft for intake timing control and an electronically controlled system for injection timing. High-speed color imaging, using transparent pistons and cylinder liners, captures the in-cylinder spray development and combustion processes

Cui, Mingli, Fu, Jinhong, Man, Xingjia, Nour, Mohamed, Zhang, Weixuan, Li, Xuesong, Xu, Min

A study on improving the methodology for Torque modeling using a virtual engine model

2025-01-0204To be published on 06/16/2025

This study aims to develop an engine torque prediction model using virtual engine simulation data. Accurate torque prediction is essential for minimizing shift shock and ensuring consistent driving performance, particularly in hybrid vehicles where smooth transitions between electric motors and internal combustion engines are necessary. The Engine Control Unit (ECU) uses a physics-based torque prediction model, requiring ignition timing swing data for precise calibration. The virtual engine model, based on 1D gas dynamics, was calibrated using real engine data obtained from a small number of main operating points. The simulation data obtained from the virtual engine model showed a good correlation with the experimental data. By combining large-scale simulation data with limited experimental data, we effectively calibrated the torque prediction model in ECU and confirmed that the calibration results met the development goals. This study demonstrates the potential for efficient engine

hur, Donghan, Paeng, Jeonghwan, Kim, Kyusup, chang, Jinseok, park, Jongil

Applied Full-Bridge MEMS Type to High Pressure Sensor for GDI/HEV System

2025-01-0220To be published on 06/16/2025

High pressure sensors are essential for internal combustion engines and hybrid engine systems. Most high pressure sensors measure the displacement of the metal-diaphragm according to pressure, and are mainly composed of Half-bridge type MEMS elements of the piezo-resistive method. This time, we would like to introduce a high pressure sensor that uses a Full-bridge type MEMS element. This is cheaper than the existing one and can provide higher performance with reliability.

Lim, SeungGu, Lee, DongYoung, Kim, JungTaek, Shin, MoonSung

Three-Dimensional CFD Analysis of a Flat Engine Lubrication System

2025-01-0215To be published on 06/16/2025

This study presents a comprehensive, transient, 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of a multi-cylinder flat engine's lubrication system, simulated using Simerics-MP+. Engine lubrication system is crucial for reducing friction, cooling, and cleaning engine components. Understanding its performance is essential for optimal engine operation. The model was applied to the lubrication system of a 4-cylinder, reciprocating internal combustion engine. The computational domain includes the positive displacement gear pump, pressure regulation valve, bearings, piston pins, piston cooling jets, oil cooler, oil filter, and other relevant components. Bearing deformation and orbiting due to force imbalance were prescribed in the simulations. A series of simulations were conducted under both fixed and time-dependent gear pump rotation speeds. For fixed speeds, the simulated flow pressure distributions closely matched experimental data. For time-dependent speeds, the predicted pressure buildup

Shiyi, Pan, Nan, Zhang, Jing, Liu, Mingliang, Liu, Wei, Wang

Rules-Embedded End-to-End Energy Management of a Multi-axle Range-Extended Heavy-duty Vehicle

2025-01-0193To be published on 06/16/2025

End-to-End (E2E) control that harnessing the power of artificial neural networks (ANNs) with self-learning capability has been recognized as a promising technical pathway for the next generation automotive control. This paper studies E2E control of a 3-axle range-extended heavy-duty vehicle driven by six in-wheel hub motors. Distinguished from conventional electric cars, the studied heavy-duty vehicle has significantly increased degree-of-freedom that challenges the control. To this end, this paper proposed a rules-embedded E2E energy management method by incorporating pre-defined rule-bases with ANNs in a deep learning architecture. Training data sets are prepared by setting up global optimizations on different driving cycles that minimize the short-term fuel consumption and the long-term charge sustaining errors using the dynamic programming algorithm. The rule base representation methods and the Rule-to-ANN ratio are studied for hyper-parameter optimization of the E2E control

Zhong, Danyang, Xiong, Lu, Yu, Zhuoping, Zhou, Quan

Start-Stop Gradeability simulation and methodology development for manual transmission vehicles

2025-01-0199To be published on 06/16/2025

Grade climbing capacity establishes a vehicle's distinguishing attribute for handling uneven roads and determines its traversing capacity. Vehicle availability and the testing procedure to determine gradeability takes a lot of time. These experimental techniques have a direct influence on the time and effort required to validate the vehicles' capacity for grading. Aiming for the prediction of maximum start-stop gradeability of a vehicle and reducing the testing resources, a methodology is established replicating the test procedure. In order to forecast maximal gradeability in Forward(first) gear and Reverse gear conditions, a vehicle model is developed in GT Suite. This model uses information about the vehicle such as weight distribution, clutch characteristics, and gearbox ratios. The driver aims for the engine's launching speed profile, which progressively engages the clutch to prevent engine stalling. The benchmark is to ascend a specified distance in a predetermined amount of time

Bose, Anshuman, Kaushik, Prince, Sirangu, Satish, Salve, Siddhesh, Edgar, Shawn

Development of After-treatment Systems and Control Strategy for a Hybrid-dedicated Homogeneous Lean Burn Engine

2025-01-0217To be published on 06/16/2025

Lean-burn gasoline engines can improve fuel economy thanks to the higher specific heat ratio of the mixture and the reduced cooling loss during the combustion process. In addition, when combined with hybrid technology, the technology can achieve more synergies by overcoming obstacles such as limited operating conditions. However, the challenge of this technology is to reduce exhaust emissions to a level suggested by future stringent regulations. In lean-burn gasoline engines, nitric oxide (NOx) emissions are difficult to convert using conventional three-way catalysts (TWCs). Therefore, developing an effective NOx after-treatment system has been a key technology in the development of lean-burn engines. In addition, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are also challenging because they increase under lean combustion conditions, while the lower exhaust temperature under lean conditions makes them hard to oxidize. Therefore, a catalyst technology capable of effectively converting HC, even at a low

Oh, Heechang, Lee, Jonghyeok, Sim, kiseon, Lim, SeungSoo, Park, Jongil, Park, Minkyu, Kang, Hyunjin, Han, Donghee, Lee, Kwiyeon, Song, Jinwoo

Development of Combustion System for a Hybrid-dedicated Homogeneous Lean Burn Engine

2025-01-0216To be published on 06/16/2025

This study explores methods to extend the lean combustion limit, improve efficiency, and reduce engine-out emissions in a hybrid-dedicated homogeneous lean combustion engine. Under lean combustion conditions, slow laminar flame speed restricts flame kernel growth, leading to instability and limiting the lean combustion threshold. To address this challenge, a combustion system was developed that leverages the engine’s internal flow to enlarge the spark channel at the spark gap and promote the formation of a larger-scale flame kernel. The combustion chamber was optimized by redesigning the intake port geometry and piston bowl to generate a high tumble flow. This new design significantly increased airflow around the spark plug gap, accelerating the initial combustion process and effectively expanding the lean combustion limit. Additionally, multiple ignition was implemented to prevent spark channel shortening caused by increased electrical resistance, further enhancing combustion

Oh, Heechang, Lee, Jonghyeok, Sim, Kiseon, Park, Jongil, Kim, Taekyun, Kang, Hyunjin, hong, Seungwoo, Han, Donghee, Kim, Dokyun

Analysis of Diesel-Ethanol Blends: Impact on Spray Behavior and Combustion Properties under Various Injection Parameters in Compression Ignition Settings

2025-01-0208To be published on 06/16/2025

With rising fuel consumption across road transportation, there is growing interest in expanding the market share of renewable fuels, such as ethanol. Ethanol can be produced from raw materials from various starch-rich plants. In compression ignition engines, ethanol cannot be utilized on its own, largely due to its low cetane number. In this study, a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) is employed to investigate the effects of adding ethanol in diesel with different proportions (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% in volume) on the spray, combustion, and flame characteristics. Optical techniques, such as shadowgraph and flame self-illumination direct photography using high-speed imaging methods, were employed to reveal the spray and flame development process. This thesis examines the effects of varying fuel injection pressures (50, 80, and 110 MPa) and ambient pressures (1.5 and 3 MPa) on diesel-ethanol (DE) fuel blends. The study emphasizes the impact of DE blending ratios on the spray’s

Putra, I Komang Gede Tryas Agameru

Comparison of HRD and Petro Diesel in Industrial Engine Applications

2025-01-0243To be published on 06/16/2025

Renewable fuels are seen as a key enabler on the path to a lower carbon future. A low greenhouse gas fuel of particular interest is hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD), also known as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). HRD is of interest because it is a drop-in replacement to existing petroleum fuels used in diesel engines. An experimental investigation was undertaken to evaluate combustion characteristics of HRD versus a standard petroleum diesel. The work was carried out using a 2.5-liter fully instrumented single-cylinder research engine. This engine was chosen because it provides a very precise view of the difference in combustion and emissions of the fuels. Results represent the difference in combustion characteristics of the fuels, rather than potential differences in engine performance seen in a production engine, as each particular engine model will react a bit differently to the changes in combustion. The engine was operated according to three ISO 8178-4 test cycles: C1, D2, and

Bardell, Michael, Abi-Akar, Hind, Seiler, Patrick, Nash, Brady, McMahon, Donna, Ioannou, Marios

numerical investigation into the combustion and emission characteristics of ammonia direct injection mechanism

2025-01-0241To be published on 06/16/2025

Ammonia is an attractive option because of its relatively low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, high energy density, competitive cost, and ubiquitous infrastructure for manufacturing, storage, and distribution. In this work, the optimum combustion characteristics are investigated to propose an efficient ammonia engine for future investigation. The effects of ammonia addition on diesel combustion characteristics were numerically investigated in a CI engine. The investigation was conducted by structured 3D CFD modeling to analyze the combustion characteristics. The validation of the boundary condition was compared to the designed experimental ammonia engine. The direct injection timing of 10o-50oBTDC and injection pressure 300-800 bar was proposed to identify the optimum autoignition characteristics. The equivalence ratios 1, 0.75, 0.5, and 0.25 were used in order to analyze the high cetane number characteristics and the air-fuel ratio.

setiawan, ardhika

Development of Simple Models for Performance Estimation of an Ammonia Fueled Spark Ignition Engine

2025-01-0238To be published on 06/16/2025

Achieving a carbon neutral society, eliminating greenhouse gas emissions is one of the most important issues. Ammonia is expected as a carbon free energy source. However, the laminar burning velocity of ammonia is much slower than hydrocarbons. Then, it is common to reform a portion of ammonia and use the ammonia/hydrogen mixture as a fuel. In this research, the operating characteristics of spark-ignition engine fueled with ammonia reformed gas is investigated and construct model estimating engine performance. A four-stroke single cylinder spark-ignition engine with a stroke volume of 212 cm3 is used. Total equivalence ratio is kept at unity and ammonia equivalence ratio is changed. Also, ammonia reformed gas is simulated as follows: ammonia and hydrogen are supplied from high pressure cylinders and injected by using automobile gaseous fuel injectors. Nitrogen is supplied from high pressure cylinder and supplied 1/3 of the molar ratio to hydrogen by a mass flow controller. The test

Ichikawa, Aya, Ogura, Yuto, Yanaoka, Kazuki, Gonzalez Palencia, Juan, Kambara, Shinji, Araki, Mikiya

Evaluation of Several Jet Fuels under Compression-ignition Operation on Thermal Efficiency, NOx, Particulate Matter, and Particle Size Distribution

2025-01-0244To be published on 06/16/2025

Alternative fuels such as Fischer-Tropsch Synthesized Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) and Catalytic Hydrothermal Conversion Jet (CHCJ) are among those important sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) for future transportation. However, these alternative fuels often vary in their fuel characteristics, which depend on feedstock and fuel production processes. Therefore, a detailed analysis of combustion, emissions, and efficiency of these alternative fuels must be performed under controlled experiments to understand the impact of fuel properties and operating conditions. Using a single-cylinder research engine (SCRE), extensive operating conditions were performed to realize any difference in performance that can be fundamentally understood by fuel properties (e.g., cetane number, heat of combustion, and density) of these fuels in comparison with Jet-A. The experimental setup includes high-speed data acquisition for combustion analysis and gaseous and solid emissions benches for nitrogen oxides

Cung, Khanh, Miganakallu Narasimhamurthy, Niranjan, Khalek, Imad, Hansen, Greg

Endoscopic imaging of split-injected gas jet developments in a multi-cylinder hydrogen low-pressure direct-injection spark-ignition engine

2025-01-0236To be published on 06/16/2025

Split injection is widely used in conventional spark ignition engines to control mixture formation. To utilise split injection in a hydrogen direct injection engine, it is important to understand gas jet development and its variations with injection timing. This is because prolonged duration of gaseous fuel direct injection is challenged by complex jet-flow interaction involving tumble flow, which could be more significant than the short-injected liquid fuel. The ambient air pressure and density during the gas injection also changes depending on the injection timing, adding more complexity. This study performs endoscopic high-speed imaging of gas jet laser shadowgraph in an inline four-cylinder low-pressure direct-injection spark ignition (H2LPDI) engine. Due to safety concern and its known similarity in macroscopic jet developments, helium was used as an alternative gas to hydrogen. The results showed that the gas jet development changes greatly with the split injection timing

Zhang, ChengHua, Kim, Dongchan, Kook, Sanghoon, Lee, Seung Woo

Evaluating the Impact of Displacing Injected Gasoline with Aspirated Ammonia in a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine

2025-01-0226To be published on 06/16/2025

Replacing fossil fuels with renewable ammonia could provide a crucial step towards the decarbonisation of transport sectors. However, many challenges remain in utilising ammonia within combustion systems: the volumetric energy density of ammonia is significantly lower than that of gasoline, exposure to ammonia (including ammonia slip) can be detrimental to human health, and the production of emissions, including unregulated emissions (such as N2O), from ammonia combustion can be catastrophic for the environment if not treated appropriately. Therefore, there is a need to determine the efficacy of ammonia as a fuel for internal combustion engines and the impact on the efficiency of energy release and the resulting exhaust emissions. A modern spark ignition engine was modified such that ammonia was aspirated through the engine intake air to incrementally displace engine gasoline and maintain a constant work output. It was found that displacing the fuel energy supplied by direct injected

Sivaranjitham, Annaniya Mitchell, Hellier, Paul, Ladommatos, Nicos, Millington, Paul, Alcove Clave, Silvia

Items per page:

1 – 50 of 63135