Browse Topic: Vehicles, Equipment, and Performance

Items (59,451)

Inductance Estimation of an Electric Vehicle

2025-01-0293To be published on 07/02/2025

Electric vehicles are no longer a rarity on Europe’s streets. But battery electric vehicles (BEVs) still have a long way to go to be the dominant vehicle type on the streets. In the last years, not only has the number of passenger cars risen, but also the number of electric trucks and heavy-duty vehicles. In 2023 electric trucks have share of 1.5% in the market. For the truck industry higher charging powers are even more important. Due to European regulations drivers of vehicles with more than 3.5t weight or buses with more than 10 passengers must rest for 45 minutes after 4.5hours of drive. Therefore, higher charging powers were needed, and the Megawatt Charging System (MCS) standard was developed. The voltage level goes up to 1250V and currents of 3000A are defined. This allows the battery of heavy-duty vehicles to be completely charged within the driving breaks. As with the upcoming MCS standard, the charging power increases, also the failure risk rises. Higher charging currents

Grund, Caroline

Applying Real World Traffic Data on Machine Learning Methods for Graph Based Cooperation Strategies of Automated Vehicles

2025-01-0286To be published on 07/02/2025

With the increasing distribution of smart mobility systems, automated & connected vehicles are more and more interacting with each other and with smart infrastructure using V2X-communication. Hereby, the vehicles' position, driving dynamics data, or driving intention are exchanged. Previous research has explored graph-based cooperation strategies for automated vehicles in mixed traffic environments based on current V2X-communication standards. Thereby, the focus is set on cooperation optimization and maneuver negotiation. These strategies can be implemented through both centralized and decentralized computational approaches and are conflict-free by design. To enhance these previously established cooperation models, real-world traffic data is used to derive vehicle trajectories, providing a more accurate representation of actual traffic scenarios in order to enhance the practical application of the described methodology. Additionally, machine learning algorithms are employed to train

Flormann, Maximilian, Meyer, Felix, Henze, Roman

The Automation Concept of the U-Shift II Vehicle

2025-01-0281To be published on 07/02/2025

Autonomous driving technology enables new and innovative driverless vehicle concepts to emerge, like U-Shift. Designed from the ground up, the U-Shift II platform, called driveboard, exemplifies the advantages of separating a vehicle's driving capability from the intended transportation task. It allows different so-called capsules, such as public transport or cargo, to be transported using the same U-shaped driving platform. The driveboard can change the capsules autonomously, thus providing high flexibility for fleet operators. This novel approach introduces new challenges to the task of autonomous driving. On one hand, changing sensor and vehicle configurations, e.g., when transporting a capsule with its own sensors to compensate for occlusions of the driveboard sensors by the capsule itself, requires an adaptive approach to environmental perception. On the other hand, different environments and driving tasks, as well as the augmented motion capabilities of the driveboard, require

Buchholz, Michael, Wodtko, Thomas, Schumann, Oliver, Authaler, Dominik

Theory Behind a Novel Method for the Quantification of Subjective Ride Comfort Phenomena

2025-01-0267To be published on 07/02/2025

In the automotive development process objective criteria are commonly used to evaluate the full vehicle ride comfort of vehicles. Based on these characteristics, vehicle concepts can be evaluated and compared at an early stage without using physical prototypes. Usually, these characteristics are determined in subjective studies using real vehicles. However, limitations in the implementation of vehicle variants, the controllability of external influences and longer intervals between the individual assessments have a negative impact on the quality of results using these approaches. Therefore, this paper presents an improved method to transfer the subjective perception and evaluation of ride comfort phenomena to objective characteristics. The corresponding procedure is shown on the basis of a one-dimensional, periodic phenomenon that is transferred to a frequency-dependent weighting function. In this process, a 6-degree of freedom driving simulator is used to overcome the limitations

Stroesser, Simon, Angrick, Christian, Zwosta, Tobias, Neubeck, Jens, Wagner, Andreas

Investigation on Thermal Management of Heavy-Duty Commercial FCEV with Focus on Vehicle System Efficiency

2025-01-0265To be published on 07/02/2025

The primary approach to meet the objectives of the EU Heavy Duty CO2 Regulation involves decarbonizing the road transport sector by battery electric vehicles (BEV) or hydrogen-fueled vehicles. Even though the well-to-wheel efficiency of hydrogen-fueled powertrains like fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) and H2-internal combustion engines (H2-ICE) is much lower in comparison to BEV, they are better suited for on-road heavy-duty trucks, long haul transport missions and regions with scarce charging infrastructure. Hence, this paper focuses on heavy-duty FCEVs and their overall energetic efficiency enhancement by intelligently managing energy transfer across coolant circuit boundaries through waste heat recovery, while ensuring that all relevant components remain within required temperature boundaries under both cold and hot ambient conditions. Results were obtained using a 1D-model that comprises all thermal fluid circuits (refrigerant, coolant, air) created through GT-Suite software

Uhde, Sophia, Langhorst, Thorsten, Wuest, Marcel, Naber, Dirk

Simulation-Based Investigation and its experimental Validation of the Thermal Behaviour of a Battery Electric City Bus

2025-01-0266To be published on 07/02/2025

Electrification of city busses is an important factor for decarbonisation of the public transport sector. Due to its strictly scheduled routes and regular idle times the public transport sector is an ideal use case for battery electric vehicles (BEV). In this context the thermal management has a high potential to decrease the energy demand respectively to increase the mileage of the vehicle [1]. The thermal management of an electric city bus comprises the thermal behaviour of the components of the powertrain, such as engine and inverters, as well as the conditioning of the battery system and the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) of the drivers’ front box and the passenger room. The focus of the research is the modelling of the thermal management of an electric city bus in MATLAB/Simscape including real world driving cycles. The heating of the components, geometry and behaviour of the cooling circuits as well as the different mechanisms of heat transfer are modelled

Schäfer, Henrik, Meywerk, Martin

Modular Thermal Management Framework for Electric Drive System Development

2025-01-0262To be published on 07/02/2025

The automotive industry is undergoing a major shift from internal combustion engines (ICE) to hybrid (HEV) and battery-electric vehicles (BEV), which has led to significant advancements and increased complexity in drivetrain design and thermal management systems. This complexity reflects the growing need to optimize energy efficiency, extend vehicle range, and ensure system reliability in modern electric vehicles. At the Institute of Automotive Engineering, a specialized synthesis tool for drivetrain optimization is used to identify the best drivetrain configurations based on specific boundaries and requirements. Building up on this toolchain a modular and adaptable thermal management framework has been developed, addressing another critical aspect of vehicle and drive development: efficient thermal circuit layout and its impact on energy consumption and overall system reliability. The thermal framework emphasizes the dynamic interactions between key components, such as electric

Notz, Fabian, Sturm, Axel, Sander, Marcel, Kässens, Christoph, Henze, Roman

Optimized Cabin Heating Strategy for Battery Electric CEP Vehicles

2025-01-0263To be published on 07/02/2025

Electromobility is gaining significance in the CEP (Courier, Express, and Parcel) sector, as parcel service providers increasingly rely on zero-emission vehicles to improve their CO2 balance. A general disadvantage of electric vehicles is the reduced range under cold operating conditions due to the higher energy demand for cabin heating. Another CEP-specific effect which affects the energy demand and thermal cabin comfort is the frequent door opening during the parcel delivery. Additionally, the vehicle cabin cools down during the driver’s absence because the cabin heating is turned off. Despite an acceptable level of thermal comfort must be maintained during the driving phases. This paper proposes an optimization-based strategy for the cabin heating of battery electric CEP vehicles. The objective is to maximize the cabin temperature during the driving phases compared to a baseline heating strategy while maintaining a desired energy consumption. For this purpose, a nonlinear model

Rehm, Dominik, Krost, Jonathan, Meywerk, Martin, Czarnetzki, Walter

A New Electrified Planetary Gear Set - The Cost- and Fuel-Efficient Alternative to Continuously Variable Transmissions

2025-01-0309To be published on 07/02/2025

In order to mitigate the effects of climate change, the global transport sector, one of the largest emitters of CO2, needs to drastically reduce its emissions. Although hybridization and electrification are becoming increasingly popular as a solution for a variety of applications, their use in two- and three-wheelers, as well as in recreational and powersports vehicles, remains limited due to their high costs and complexity compared to conventional drivetrains with continuously variable transmissions (CVTs). Despite their affordability and simplicity, CVTs suffer from low mechanical efficiency, with transmission losses ranging from 20–50 %, highlighting a significant opportunity for improvement. In response to these limitations, this study presents the development and experimental evaluation of an electrified planetary gear set (ePGS) in a lightweight off-road vehicle. It is designed to overcome the efficiency limitations of CVTs while maintaining high driving comfort and low system

Jakoby, Moritz, Engels, Michael, Fahrbach, Timm, Andert, Jakob

Automation and Optimization of the Design and Development Process for a Formula Student Racing Car Suspension

2025-01-0270To be published on 07/02/2025

The design and the development of modern suspension systems is a complex process covering several different engineering domains and disciplines. Among others, this includes vehicle dynamics simulations, tyre data analysis, 1D-lap time simulations, 3D CAD design and structural analysis including collision detection. Taking into account that the overall vehicle and suspension development including all these different disciplines is performed by several engineering departments, the design automation by process digitalization is a means to minimize the manual workload for this complex engineering design and development task. The paper illustrates how the generic suspension design and development procedure can be almost fully automized with the help of so-called graph-based design languages and an associated compiler and can be applied to a concrete Formula Student racing car. It is shown how the therefore necessary digital consistency of data, digital continuity of processes and digital

Borowski, Julian, Rudolph, Stephan

Data-Driven Analysis of Vehicle Lateral Control in the Country Road Domain

2025-01-0268To be published on 07/02/2025

The optimization and further development of automated driving functions offer significant potential for reducing the driver's workload and increasing road safety. Among these functions, vehicle lateral control plays a critical role, especially with regard to its acceptance by end customers. Significant development efforts are required to ensure the effectiveness and reliability of this aspect in real-world conditions. This work focuses on analyzing vehicle lateral control using extensive measurement data collected from a dedicated vehicle fleet at the Institute of Automotive Engineering at the Technical University of Braunschweig. Equipped with state-of-the-art measurement technology, the fleet has driven several hundred thousand kilometers, allowing for the collection of detailed information on vehicle trajectories under various driving conditions. These measurements have been classified into different driving environment domains - namely city, country road, and highway - with

Iatropoulos, Jannes, Panzer, Anna, Arntz, Martin, Prueggler, Adrian, Henze, Roman

A Modular Framework for Lateral Movement Modeling

2025-01-0269To be published on 07/02/2025

The lateral movement of vehicles within their lane determines occurring occlusions, and thus decides on the range of visions of vehicle sensors used by automated driving functions and the objects detected by down-stream algorithms. As simulations play an integral role in the validation of automated driving functions, their ability to realistically model the lateral movement is crucial. However, currently applied methods such as microscopic traffic simulations and the scenario-based approach making use of maneuver-based scenario descriptions simplify or neglect the lateral movement of vehicles. For that reason, a two-level stochastic model has been introduced in earlier work. It consists of a Markov model for the systematic coarse movement and a noise model for the residual fine movement. In follow-up publications, several advancements for both model components have been presented. These follow a modular structure, thus, can be flexibly combined. This paper for the first time gives an

Neis, Nicole, Beyerer, Jürgen

Experimental Investigation of Factors Influencing Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Battery Cells

2025-01-0306To be published on 07/02/2025

In the fast-paced automotive development environment, experimental testing is often constrained by time and budget limitations. Consequently, tests are frequently conducted to meet regulatory requirements, industry standards, or internal guidelines. This leads to minimalistic testing approaches such as "One Factor at a Time" (OFAT) or "Trial and Error", which fail to capture parameter interactions and system complexities. This study investigates the critical factors influencing the thermal runaway behavior of lithium-ion battery cells under controlled experimental conditions. A statistical full-factorial experimental design was implemented to evaluate the impact of state of charge (SoC), heating trigger power, and cell capacity. The experiments, conducted using an autoclave setup, allowed for precise control of external conditions and detailed measurement of thermal and mechanical responses. The cells investigated are automotive-grade lithium-ion cells from development projects

Ceylan, Deniz, Kulzer, André Casal, Winterholler, Nina, Weinmann, Johannes, Schiek, Werner

Design and Analysis of a Battery Thermal Management System for Fast Charging in Extreme Hot Condition

2025-01-0322To be published on 07/02/2025

Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries presents significant thermal management challenges, due to the high demanding conditions of high C-rates, particularly at extreme ambient temperatures. This study explores the thermal behavior of a cylindrical lithium-ion cell during fast-charging scenarios designed to achieve a full charge in 15 minutes or less (SOC: 0%–100%), across a wide range of ambient temperatures. The analysis covers a broad spectrum of ambient temperatures, from 303 K to 333 K, addressing real-world operational challenges faced by electric vehicles and energy storage systems. A validated thermal model, calibrated with experimental data on the open circuit voltage (OCV) and internal resistance of the cell across varying conditions, is employed to accurately predict the temperature distribution of the cell at different states of charge (SOC). The model also includes scenarios involving high initial cell temperatures to assess their effect on thermal performance during fast

Jahanpanah, Jalal, Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin, Babaie, Meisam, Konno, Juho, Akbarzadeh, Mohsen

Improving Speed Trajectory Optimization for Electric Vehicles with Pre-Calculated Energy Maps and Dynamic Profile Discretization

2025-01-0318To be published on 07/02/2025

Ongoing research and development in the field of electric vehicles (EVs) have resulted in a continuous expansion of their range. Additionally, advancements in vehicle connectivity have created new opportunities for intelligent driving assistance and energy optimization, particularly through the use of cloud data. However, the integration of eco-driving assistance with numerical optimization of speed trajectories remains challenging due to the high computational demands of these methods. To address this challenge and make such a system feasible for integration into vehicle systems, the computational effort required for an optimized driving trajectory must be minimized. This paper presents a method to accelerate speed trajectory optimization using pre-calculated energy and time consumption maps. For this purpose, a dynamic discretization of the anticipated driving profile is applied. Initial results show a substantial reduction in computation time, varying with different scenarios

Schilling Johnson, Rene, Henke PhD, Markus

U-Shift IV: Innovations and challenges in autonomous urban mobility

2025-01-0284To be published on 07/02/2025

The U-Shift IV represents the latest evolution in modular urban mobility solutions, offering significant advancements over its predecessors. This innovative vehicle concept introduces a distinct separation between the drive module, known as the driveboard, and the transport capsules. The driveboard contains all the necessary components for autonomous driving, allowing it to operate independently. This separation not only enables versatile applications—such as easily swapping capsules for passenger or goods transportation—but also significantly improves the utilization of the capsules. By allowing a single capsule to be paired with different driveboards, operational efficiency is maximized, enabling continuous use of capsules while driveboards are recharged or maintained. The primary focus of U-Shift IV was to obtain a permit for operating at the Federal Garden Show 2023. To achieve this goal, we built the vehicle around the specific requirements for semi-public road operations which

Pohl, Eric, Scheibe, Sebastian, Münster, Marco, Osebek, Manuel, Kopp, Gerhard, Siefkes, Tjark

An LLM-Based Multi-Turn Task-Oriented Dialogue System for Machine Learning Algorithm Selection in Data Mining

2025-01-0289To be published on 07/02/2025

For the systematic application of machine learning during data mining in product development processes, selecting a suitable algorithm is crucial for success. During an empirical study in the automotive industry, a team applying data mining to develop battery systems for battery electric vehicles was accompanied. Here, it could be observed that data mining tasks are often unique during product development processes and can differ in boundary conditions. Depending on these tasks, suitable machine learning algorithms must be selected. Because of the variety of machine learning paradigms, problems, and algorithms, it is often hard to select a suitable algorithm, especially for inexperienced data miners. This paper presents a large language model (LLM)-based, multi-turn, task-oriented dialogue system to support data miners in selecting machine learning algorithms that are suitable for their specific data mining tasks. This approach, called “Algorithm Selection Assistant” (ASA), enables

Hörtling, Stefan, Bause, Katharina, Albers, Albert

Safe Obstacle Avoidance Maneuver for Autonomous Vehicles

2025-01-0285To be published on 07/02/2025

This paper focuses on trajectory planning for autonomous vehicles, specifically addressing the challenge of obstacle avoidance during driving. The proposed approach generates a safe and efficient maneuver in real time when a static obstacle is detected in the vehicle's path. The method consists of a path generation algorithm that computes a collision-free trajectory to avoid the obstacle while guiding the vehicle back to its initial lane. Geometric and dynamic constraints are integrated to maintain vehicle stability and ensure the feasibility of the generated trajectories. The algorithm has been validated through an IPG CarMaker professional simulator and an experimental campaign using an instrumented vehicle. Trajectory generation and path tracking are embeded in the vehicle software platform tested on a track. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed planning method in generating safe avoidance maneuvers, enhancing the reliability and safety of

VIGNE, BENOIT, GIULIANI, PIO MICHELE, ORJUELA, RODOLFO, Basset, MICHEL

Kinetic Energy Recovery: Assessment on the impact of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor and Battery Dynamic models

2025-01-0303To be published on 07/02/2025

This paper examines the influence of a detailed dynamic model of a Surface Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (SPMSM) on the accurate evaluation of kinetic energy recovery during braking in a mild hybrid vehicle. The model, implemented in MATLAB Simulink, is based on the motor's DQ equivalent circuit, accounting for transient effects, inductance variability, and magnetic saturation. Also, a 2nd Order Thevenin Equivalent model of the battery is used in order to take into account the bus voltage variability. Simulations reveal that the dynamic model predicts significant variations in energy recovery potential, with differences of up to 25% compared to static models under specific braking conditions. These discrepancies are particularly pronounced during high-speed high-torque transitions, where transient electrical behaviors strongly influence energy recovery. The model’s accuracy enhances the reliability of energy simulations, especially in scenarios involving frequent or intense

Lombardi, Simone, Federici, Leonardo, Tribioli, Laura

External damping of roller bearings and its effect on the acoustics of an e-mobility gearbox

2025-01-0323To be published on 07/02/2025

This study analyses the effect of external damping of roller bearings on the acoustic behaviour of gearboxes in electric powertrains. The increasing adoption of electric vehicles has increased the importance of mitigating gearbox noise, as the lack of masking noise from internal combustion engines and the higher operating speeds of electric motors exacerbate the acoustic challenges. Gearbox noise, which is primarily caused by tooth mesh excitation and its transmission through shafts and bearings, requires strategies to minimise its impact on vehicle comfort and performance. External damping is introduced via adapters integrated into the outer bearing ring, which are used to modify the vibrational behaviour of the bearing assembly and reduce both structure-borne and airborne noise emissions. A systematic approach using Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology is used to quantify the effects of this damping. This approach allows the analysis of critical parameters including material

von Schulz, Kai, Linde, Tilmann, Jäger, Steffen

Optimization of Metallic Substrate by 1D simulations to fulfill High Power Cold Start Conditions

2025-01-0308To be published on 07/02/2025

The future of the internal combustion engine is strictly related to his capability to have Life Cycle Emission comparable to the pure Battery Electric Vehicles. To achieve this goal, it will be necessary not only to have carbon free fuels but also to increase the hybridization of the powertrain in order to have lower fuel consumption. On the other hand, it will be necessary to reduce to almost zero any further emissions of pollutants. For this reason, highly sophisticated exhaust aftertreatment must be developed. One particular use case is the so-called High-Power Cold Start. This can occur for the Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles when the transition from pure electric drive to ICE assisted drive happens during high load request, for example an acceleration on the freeway ramp. This use case has been evaluated by CARB and in many other works. Nevertheless, in this particular paper, the Authors would like to investigate which Metallic Substrate Technology fits better during a HPCS. This

Montenegro, Gianluca, Onorati, Angelo, Della Torre, Augusto, Marinoni, Andrea, Pace, Lorenzo, Konieczny, Katrin, Laurell, Mats, Klövmark, Henrik

Efficient Automation of Homologation Tests forActive Aerodynamic Components

2025-01-0273To be published on 07/02/2025

Wind Tunnels are complex and cost-intensive test facilities. Thus, increasing the test efficiency is an important aspect. At the same time active aerodynamic elements become increasingly important for the efficiency of modern cars. For homologation, such active aero-components pose an extra level of test-complexity as their control strategies, the relevant drive cycles and their aerodynamics in different positions must be considered for homologation-relevant data. Often, these active components are time-consuming manually adjusted during between test runs as the vehicle is not incorporated in the test automation architecture. Even if so, designing a test sequence stepping through the individual settings for each component of a certain vehicle is a tedious task during the test session. Thus, a sophisticated integration of the wind tunnel automation system with a test management system, which supports the full homologation process is one aspect of a solution. The other is the integration

Jacob, Jan D.

Longitudinal Dynamic Metrics for Describing and Developing the Deceleration Behavior of Vehicles in the Concept Phase

2025-01-0264To be published on 07/02/2025

The brake system is a critical safety component in motor vehicles. Advances in the electrification of the powertrain and the rise of autonomous driving technologies are profoundly influencing the brake system, driving innovative approaches to brake concepts and necessitating the development of new deceleration strategies. A significant technological advancement is the decoupling of the driver from the brake system through Brake-by-Wire technology. A crucial attribute is the attainment of a consistent and concept-independent deceleration behavior and pedal feel. To establish a consistent and OEM-specific deceleration behavior and pedal feel in the early development phase, objective criteria and perceptual thresholds are required, describing the desired subjective braking behavior. Moreover, objective criteria are indispensable for the virtual phase of the vehicle development process. In this article the focus is in deceleration from a straight-ahead drive. To identify objective criteria

Biller, Ralph, Udovicic, Matej, Ketzmerick, Erik, Kirch, Sebastian, Mayr, Stefan, Prokop, Günther, Wagner, Andreas

Conception and Experience of Non-driving Related Activities in Semi-autonomous Vehicles

2025-01-0260To be published on 07/02/2025

While semi-autonomous driving (SAE level 3 & 4) is already partially a reality, the driver still needs to take over driving upon notice. Hence, the cockpit cannot be designed freely to accommodate spaces for non-driving related activities. In the following Use Case, a mobile workplace is created by integrating a translucent acrylic glass pane into the cockpit and introducing joystick steering of the car. By using the technology Virtual Desktop 1, which is a software layer, any desktop application can be represented freely transformable on arbitrary physical and virtual surfaces. Thus, a complete Windows environment can be distributed across all curved and flat surfaces of an interior. The concept is further enhanced by a voice-driven generative AI which helps to summarize documents. A physical and a virtual demonstrator are created to experience and assess the mobile workspace, the well-being of the driver, influences, and psychological aspects. The physical demonstrator is a 1:1

Beutenmüller, Frank, Reining, Nine, Rosenstiel, Reto, Schmidt, Maximilian, Layer, Selina, Bues, Matthias, Mendonca, Daisy

Thermal Simulation of CCS Charging Inlet at High Charging Currents with various Optimisation Approaches

2025-01-0278To be published on 07/02/2025

Current status: In Europe, the CCS charging standard for electric vehicles is the most widely used charging system. In order to reduce the inconveniences caused by long charging times, the CCS charging standard has been gradually adapted to the need for higher charging capacities. Currently, charging currents of up to 500A are supported at a charging power of up to 500kW. In order to decarbonise road transport, commercial vehicles are also increasingly being electrified. Problem definition: Battery-electric commercial vehicles in particular have large battery capacities with several hundred kilowatt hours, some of which do not have enough energy for an entire working day, which is why they need to be recharged if necessary. High charging power with correspondingly high charging currents is required to recharge the electrical energy storage units of commercial vehicles in an acceptable time. Due to the electrical losses, waste heat is generated, which places a thermal load on the

Krings, Jochen, Reuss, Hans-Christian, Ziegler, Peter, Steinmetz, Paul

Systematic Derivation of Requirements for the Perception Task of Free Space Driving Assistance Function applied to Trucks

2025-01-0279To be published on 07/02/2025

The larger size and expanded blind spots of heavy-duty trucks in comparison to passenger cars, create unique challenges for truck drivers navigating narrow roads, such as in urban scenarios. For this reason, the detection of free space around the vehicle is of critical importance, as it has the potential to save lives and reduce operating costs due to less maintenance and downtime. Despite the existence of numerous approaches to free space detection in the literature, few of these have been applied to the trucking sector, disregarding important aspects for these kinds of vehicles such as the altitude at which obstacles are located. This paper aims to present the initial results of our research, a "Not Free Space Warner", a driving assistance function intended for implementation in series trucks. A methodology is followed to define the characteristics that the perception component of this function shall fulfill. To this end, an analysis of the most critical accidents and common driving

Martinez, Cristian, Peters, Steven

Techno-Economic Analysis of an Integrated E-Methanol Production Plant Utilizing First and Second Generation Biomass Resources

2025-01-0182To be published on 06/16/2025

Building upon foundational research utilizing Aspen Plus modeling for e-methanol production from sugar cane and sugar beet biomass, this study advances by incorporating a comprehensive techno-economic assessment (TEA) of an integrated e-methanol production system. The established integrated system converts biomass into ethanol through fermentation and synthesizes e-methanol using both captured CO2 and syngas derived from biomass residue gasification. The approach optimizes dual utilization of CO2 and biomass thereby fostering a circular carbon economy. The TEA quantifies capital expenditures (CAPEX), operational expenditures (OPEX), and levelized costs of energy (LCOE), providing a detailed economic analysis of the potential for commercializing e-methanol. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the impact of variable factors such as feedstock prices, process yields, and energy costs on the economic outcomes. This sensitivity analysis is crucial for understanding

Fernandes, Renston Jake, Shakeel, Mohammad Raghib, Nguyen, Ducduy, Im, Hong G., Turner, James W.G.

Sound Granular Synthesis Method for Science Fiction Sound Quality of Electric Vehicles

2025-01-0253To be published on 06/16/2025

Since the powertrain systems of electric vehicles (EVs) lack the traditional engine sound, their NVH performance differs from that of conventional fuel-powered vehicles, making the use of active sound design (ASD) systems increasingly common to provide compensatory sound. With the increasing demand for ASD systems, sci-fi sounds are emerging as a design direction to enhance the acoustic feedback of powertrain systems and to elevate the futuristic and immersive driving experience of vehicles. A method for generating sci-fi soundscapes using a granular synthesis algorithm is proposed in this paper. First, a sci-fi sound is designed based on the characteristics of sci-fi sounds, which serves as the target sound for the synthesis algorithm. Then, it is proposed that sound grains are generated using the adaptive main frequency method, and granular synthesis is achieved through the overlap-and-add (OLA) method. In addition, a method for optimizing the composite cosine window function based

Liu, Dezhu

Modern Low Friction Coating Technology for Automotive Tribology

2025-01-0247To be published on 06/16/2025

According to Forbes, China, armed with electric vehicles (EVs), could have several companies among the top 10 global brands by sales in 2030. Their global market share is expected to be 33% in 2030. EV's friction is mostly boundary and mixed lubrication, more severe than ICE with hydrodynamic lubrication. Electrical surface failures are clustering, frosting, fluting, cratering, white etching, color change of grease, current marks, gear fluting and microbubbles. Modified friction test condition of ball on disk for EV parts is 1 m/s, 50 N, 1.1 GPa, 80 V, 12.5 kHz (vs. conventional pin on disk, 0.1 m/s, 10 N, 1 km). For the protection of EV's wear and friction, the coatings, DLC, CrN and CrCuN, are compared in the literature. Global coating companies developed with the keywords: hybrid process (PVD/PACVD + FLAD), low-temperature process for polymer/seal coating (ta-C), HIPIMS+CVD for CFRP cutting tool. Fraunhofer IWS has a low friction coating project for ultra-smooth and super

Cha, Sung Chul, Moon, Kyoung Il, Kim, Jongkuk, Park, Chang Ho, Kim, Dong Sik

Overview of Indian Government Policies, Regulations and Automotive Company Strategies toward Net-zero Emissions

2025-01-0184To be published on 06/16/2025

The automotive sector in India is undergoing a transformation, driven by government policies and regulations aimed at achieving net-zero carbon emissions. In alignment with global climate goals, the Indian government has set ambitious targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with a focus on promoting Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs). Initiatives like the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) Scheme, along with tax incentives, subsidies, and charging infrastructure development, are designed to accelerate the adoption of cleaner vehicles. The introduction of stricter emission standards and the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) further underscores the push toward sustainable mobility. In response, Indian automotive companies are shifting strategies to align with these government directives. Major players are significantly increasing investments in EV technology, focusing on enhancing battery performance

Patil, NIKHIL, Saurabh, Saurabh, Gawhade, Ravikant, Bhardwaj, Rohit, Gadve, Dhananjay, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya

Commercial vehicles exhaust front pipe reliability improvement through virtual simulation and experimental Validation

2025-01-0209To be published on 06/16/2025

Exhaust front pipe is an important structural component of any commercial vehicle. It requires to be reliable enough to ensure leak proof flow of exhaust gases into exhaust after treatment system and at the same time it must withstand engine as well as frame vibrations. To isolate engine and frame vibrations, front pipe is equipped with flex connector having ability to withstand several displacements at certain frequency level. The position of flex connector with respect to engine crank axis plays an important role in its structural reliability during its services life. This paper presents a comparison between existing design with horizontal position versus modified design with vertically positioned flex connector evaluated with excitation of 25 mm lateral displacement at 8 Hz frequency and a correlation has been established between virtual simulation and experimental validation. Virtual and experimental results conclude that there is 70% of increase in front pipe life when flex

Paroche, Sonu, Chandel, Kushal, NAMDEV, AKHILESH, Jain, Shailendra, Patil, Keyur

Development of Ling Xi Digital Intelligent Chassis Control System for the IM L6 Pure Electric Vehicle

2025-01-0188To be published on 06/16/2025

The IM L6 is the fourth product under the IM brand, featuring both rear-motor two-wheel drive and dual-motor all-wheel drive configurations. This article introduces the Ling Xi Digital Intelligent Chassis system of the IM L6, which includes air springs, CDC (Continuous Damping Control), rear-wheel steering system, braking system, front-wheel steering system, and electric drive system. The study explores how adjusting the damping of the CDC achieves a more comfortable damping effect. Through precise control of the rear-wheel steering system, the vehicle achieves smaller turning radii, crab walk capability, optimized response in moose test conditions, and improved performance on split-friction surfaces. By coordinating the IBS (Intelligent Brake System) and VMC (Vehicle Motion Control), an exceptionally comfortable braking experience is achieved.

Zhou, Yuxing, Li, Wen

A study on improving the methodology for Torque modeling using a virtual engine model

2025-01-0204To be published on 06/16/2025

This study aims to develop an engine torque prediction model using virtual engine simulation data. Accurate torque prediction is essential for minimizing shift shock and ensuring consistent driving performance, particularly in hybrid vehicles where smooth transitions between electric motors and internal combustion engines are necessary. The Engine Control Unit (ECU) uses a physics-based torque prediction model, requiring ignition timing swing data for precise calibration. The virtual engine model, based on 1D gas dynamics, was calibrated using real engine data obtained from a small number of main operating points. The simulation data obtained from the virtual engine model showed a good correlation with the experimental data. By combining large-scale simulation data with limited experimental data, we effectively calibrated the torque prediction model in ECU and confirmed that the calibration results met the development goals. This study demonstrates the potential for efficient engine

hur, Donghan, Paeng, Jeonghwan, Kim, Kyusup, chang, Jinseok, park, Jongil

Rules-Embedded End-to-End Energy Management of a Multi-axle Range-Extended Heavy-duty Vehicle

2025-01-0193To be published on 06/16/2025

End-to-End (E2E) control that harnessing the power of artificial neural networks (ANNs) with self-learning capability has been recognized as a promising technical pathway for the next generation automotive control. This paper studies E2E control of a 3-axle range-extended heavy-duty vehicle driven by six in-wheel hub motors. Distinguished from conventional electric cars, the studied heavy-duty vehicle has significantly increased degree-of-freedom that challenges the control. To this end, this paper proposed a rules-embedded E2E energy management method by incorporating pre-defined rule-bases with ANNs in a deep learning architecture. Training data sets are prepared by setting up global optimizations on different driving cycles that minimize the short-term fuel consumption and the long-term charge sustaining errors using the dynamic programming algorithm. The rule base representation methods and the Rule-to-ANN ratio are studied for hyper-parameter optimization of the E2E control

Zhong, Danyang, Xiong, Lu, Yu, Zhuoping, Zhou, Quan

Comparison of HRD and Petro Diesel in Industrial Engine Applications

2025-01-0243To be published on 06/16/2025

Renewable fuels are seen as a key enabler on the path to a lower carbon future. A low greenhouse gas fuel of particular interest is hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD), also known as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). HRD is of interest because it is a drop-in replacement to existing petroleum fuels used in diesel engines. An experimental investigation was undertaken to evaluate combustion characteristics of HRD versus a standard petroleum diesel. The work was carried out using a 2.5-liter fully instrumented single-cylinder research engine. This engine was chosen because it provides a very precise view of the difference in combustion and emissions of the fuels. Results represent the difference in combustion characteristics of the fuels, rather than potential differences in engine performance seen in a production engine, as each particular engine model will react a bit differently to the changes in combustion. The engine was operated according to three ISO 8178-4 test cycles: C1, D2, and

Bardell, Michael, Abi-Akar, Hind, Seiler, Patrick, Nash, Brady, McMahon, Donna, Ioannou, Marios

A Pich Shift Synthesis Algorithm for Electric Vehicle Sound Based on Quadratic Interpolation and Continuous Sample Indexing

2025-01-0254To be published on 06/16/2025

The electric vehicle driveline generates less vibration and noise compared to a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle, making it hard-er for the driver to perceive the vehicle’s operating status through driveline sounds, thereby diminishing driving engagement and experience. To compensate for the absence of engine sound in EV drivelines, Active Sound Design (ASD) technology has become a crucial method for drivetrain sound enhancement, with sound synthesis algorithms playing a key role in this process. Although pitch-shifting algorithms based on frequency variation principles can synthesize engine sounds, they suffer from spectral leakage and stuttering caused by sound splicing. To ad-dress these issues, a pitch-shifting synthesis algorithm (QCPS) is proposed in this paper, which combines a quadratic interpolation method with a continuous audio sample indexing strategy. First, the frequency variation coefficient of the sound is calculated. Based on this coefficient

Liu, Dezhu

Comparative study of lifecycle assessment of FCEV and BEV

2025-01-0183To be published on 06/16/2025

This study compares the environmental impacts of two different types of electric vehicles: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). There is rapid demand for eco-friendly transportation, so it's important to understand how these vehicles affect the environment. The study uses a method called lifecycle assessment (LCA) to examine the environmental impact of both types of vehicles from start to finish—starting with the materials used to make them, through their production and use, and ending with their disposal. The study focuses on key environmental issues, such as impact on global warming, impact on energy use, impact on resource depletion, and pollution. For FCEVs, it looks at the impact of producing hydrogen fuel and the energy needed for fuel cells. For BEVs, it examines the environmental cost of making batteries and the electricity used while driving the vehicle. It also considers how the energy sources used for charging and hydrogen production can

Saurabh, Saurabh, Patil, NIKHIL, Gadve, Dhananjay, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya

Noise and Vibration Analysis of Electric Oil Pump with Uneven Pitch Control for Gearbox in HEV and BEV

2025-01-0252To be published on 06/16/2025

Acoustic noise and vibration are always main issues to overcome in electric oil pumps for gearboxes in HEV and BEV. This paper introduces a noise reduction control method of electric oil pump in wet-type dual clutch transmissions. This paper proposes an uneven pitch control for electric oil pumps. For the noise reduction of vane pumps, mechanical arrangements of uneven pitch vain angle are widely used. However, the tooth angle of gear-type pumps should be even mechanically. The proposed uneven pitch control provides similar effects of the mechanical uneven pitch arrangement by instantaneous motor torque controls of the electric oil pump which cannot have uneven pitch mechanically. The magnitude of motor torque for each pump tooth is determined by an uneven pitch formula which is widely used for mechanical vane pumps in previous study and patents. A formula for the shape of motor torque is proposed by analyzing pressure fluctuations of pump as a combination of trigonometric and

Choi, Chinchul

Optimization of the lubricating oil composition to reduce emissions from hydrogen engines

2025-01-0212To be published on 06/16/2025

The decarbonization of the transport sector has become a priority for governmental authorities and industrial stakeholders alike, driving regulatory measures and innovation in powertrain technologies. Among the innovative solutions, hydrogen combustion engines have gained significant attention due to their customization to diverse applications, including heavy-duty vehicles, passenger cars, generators, and even two- and three-wheelers. Hydrogen combustion, characterized by high ignitability, rapid flame speed, soot-free operation, and water as a combustion by-product, introduces distinct challenges for engine lubrication. These unique characteristics require the development and adaptation of lubricant formulations to ensure optimal engine performance and durability. Specifically, tailored lubricants play a vital role in addressing four key challenges: pre-ignition, particulate emissions, water contamination, and wear protection. This study investigates the impact of crucial formulation

Gohl, Marcus, Wulff, Robert, Scholl, Peter, Günthner, Michael, Jung, Philipp Emanuel, Chapelot, Pierre

Energy consumption optimization of thermal management system for hybrid electric vehicles.

2025-01-0195To be published on 06/16/2025

Vehicle thermal management is to coordinate the relationship between the power system and the vehicle from the perspective of heat, and adopt comprehensive means to balance the heat transfer and mutual influence of each system, so that each system can work within its own optimal temperature range, so as to optimize the energy-saving effect of the vehicle, improve and ensure the safety and driving comfort of the vehicle. The pump and fan of the thermal management system have completed the transformation from mechanization to electronic, which provides an opportunity for the optimization and control of energy consumption of the thermal management system. First of all, this paper takes the thermal management system of hybrid electric vehicle as the research object, and builds the thermal management system model of hybrid electric vehicle according to the temperature characteristics of the vehicle battery, motor and engine and the design requirements of the thermal management system of

Li, Shuo

Noise Management in Electric Vehicle Compressors for Superior Cabin Comfort

2025-01-0191To be published on 06/16/2025

“This research addresses the issue of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) in electric buses, which can hinder their widespread adoption despite their environmental benefits. With the absence of traditional engines, NVH control in electric vehicles focuses on auxiliary components like the air compressor. In this study, the air compressor was identified as a major source of vibration, causing harsh contact between its oil sump and mounting bracket. Analyzing the vibrations revealed that the sump and bracket were not moving freely, increasing noise. Modifying the bracket design to allow more movement between the components successfully reduced both noise and vibration. The paper details the experimental process, findings, and structural damping methods to mitigate NVH in electric buses”.

Paroche, Sonu, Patel, Shubhanshi

Understanding how blending different ratios of renewable fuels with diesel impacts the toxicity of exhaust particulates to human health.

2025-01-0207To be published on 06/16/2025

The urgent need to decarbonise transport has increased the utilisation of renewable fuels with current hydrocarbons. Heavy duty vehicle electrification solutions are yet to be realised and therefore the reliance on diesel engines may still be present for decades to come. Currently, the diesel supplied to fuel stations across the UK is a 7% blended biodiesel, whilst in South Korea a 5% blend is utilised. Biodiesel is produced from renewable sources for example; crops, waste residue and oils or biomass. Particulates from diesel combustion are known to be toxic, due to the presence of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) however there is very limited understanding of blending oxygenated fuels on the toxicity of the particulates produced. PAHs are aromatic structures that can be metabolised into chemicals which can disrupt DNA replication and potentially influence cancer mechanisms if inhaled in high quantities. Soyabean methyl-ester (SME) was blended at lower ratios, e.g., 5%, 10%, 15% and

Hailwood, Emma, Hellier, Paul, Ladommatos, Nicos, Leonard, Martin

Adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy based on Bayesian Optimization

2025-01-0194To be published on 06/16/2025

The Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) is an effective approach for managing energy flow in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), balancing the use of electric energy and fuel consumption. The strategy's performance depends heavily on the Equivalent Factor (EF), which governs this trade-off. However, the optimal EF varies under different driving conditions and is influenced by the inherent randomness in factors such as traffic, road gradients, and driving behavior, making it challenging to determine through traditional methods. This paper introduces Bayesian Optimization (BO) as a solution to address the stochastic nature of the EF parameter tuning process. By using a probabilistic model, BO efficiently navigates the complex, uncertain performance landscape to find the optimal EF parameters that minimize fuel consumption and emissions across variable conditions. Simulation results for the WLTP and Artemis driving cycles demonstrate that the EF parameters optimized with BO

Zhang, Cetengfei, Zhou, Quan, Jia, Yiqi, Xiong, Lu

Modern approach to adopt low cost EV solution on existing ICE vehicle

2025-01-0190To be published on 06/16/2025

Developing countries like India are facing major problems of inflation of oil costs and increasing carbon emission. Electric vehicle is better option to control the carbon emission and oil prices. Electric vehicles have certain advantages to overcome existing issues but at the same time it has got own challenges. Range anxiety and battery cost are the hurdles to adopt EV solution. This paper explains the unique approach to adopt EV solution at very low cost in commercial vehicle segment. Idea is to convert existing internal combustion vehicle into Electric vehicle by optimising the cost of the vehicle so as it is affordable to the end user. It also explores the challenges and difficulties faced in their adoption, such as the high cost of infrastructure, scarcity of charging stations, limited range or range anxiety, and the performance of batteries. This paper gives outline of EV adoption by using existing ICE vehicle. Challenges and opportunities are discussed in details to make this

Deshmukh, Sagar Ramchandra, Doiphode, Nilesh

Influence of Fuel Surface Tension and Viscosity on Internal Flow Bubble Formation and Atomization in Flash Boiling Sprays

2025-01-0221To be published on 06/16/2025

Flash boiling spray can achieve atomization effects similar to high-pressure subcooled sprays at lower injection pressures, which reduces engine hardware costs and aligns with the trend toward increased efficiency and miniaturization for hybrid vehicle engines. Thus, it is considered a promising next-generation fuel atomization technology. The atomization characteristics and spray structure of flash boiling sprays differ significantly from those of subcooled sprays, with distinct mechanisms in the primary breakup stage being a major cause of these differences. Previous studies have established the bubble-rupture primary breakup model, which is closely linked to bubble generation during internal flow. However, existing research has primarily focused on controlling the superheat index and injection pressure, without sufficiently considering the impact of fuel properties on bubble generation. As carbon neutrality goals advance, alternative fuels such as e-fuels (e.g., e-gasoline), low

Zhang, Yijia, Li, Yilong, Wang, Shangning, zeng, Tingxi, Xu, Min, Hung, David, Li, Xuesong

The Why of Development Assurance

2025-01-0154To be published on 05/02/2025

In the domain of aircraft certification, Development Assurance is what some would call a useful tool to gain confidence in the development of complex systems, and what others would call a necessary evil. But what does it actually do? Why is it necessary for certification of modern aircraft? What, epistemologically, does it bring to the table? This paper aims to show why development assurance activities, at all levels from aircraft to item, close the epistemological holes created when complex systems are chosen for implementation. It will map the different sources and types of uncertainty encountered in system verification and explain how each type is dealt with within a certification context, working from simple mechanical systems up to complex and highly integrated systems using software and airborne electronic hardware and beyond. It will show that Development Assurance, far from being an arbitrary set of activities, systematically brings personal and corporate expertise to bear to

Laflin, Cory R.

A New Test Rig for Electrically Actuated Landing Gear and Brake of a Small Transport Aircraft

2025-01-0161To be published on 05/02/2025

Performing highly representative tests of aircraft equipments is a critical feature for gaining utmost confidence on their ability to perform flawlessly in flight under the entire spectrum of operating conditions. This can also contribute to accelerate the certification process of a new equipment. A research project (E-LISA) was performed in recent years, as part of the european funded Clean Sky 2 framework, with the objective of building an innovative facility for testing an electrically actuated landing gear and brake for a small air transport. The project eventually led to the development and construction of an Iron Bird able to reproduce in a realistic and comprehensive way a full variety of landing test cases consistent with certification specifications and landing histories available in the repository of the airframer. The Iron Bird that was eventually developed is a multi-functional intelligent and easy reconfigurable facility integrating hardware and software allowing to

De Martin, Andrea, Bertolino, Antonio, Jacazio, Giovanni

Innovative High-Performance Active Dampers for Effective Mitigation of Helicopter Main Rotor Vibrations

2025-01-0163To be published on 05/02/2025

Helicopter vibrations, primarily generated by the main rotor-gearbox assembly, are a major source of concern due to their impact on structural integrity, cockpit instrument durability, and crew comfort. These vibrations are mainly transmitted through the gearbox’s rigid support struts to the fuselage, leading to increased cabin noise and potential damage to critical components. This paper presents a solution for vibration mitigation which involves replacing traditional gearbox support struts with low-weight, high-performance active dampers. Developed by Elettronica Aster S.p.A., these active dampers are designed as electro-hydraulic actuators embedded within a compliant structure. The parallel nested configuration of the system enables high power densities and effective vibration control, significantly reducing the transmission of harmful vibrations to the fuselage. The comprehensive model-based design process is detailed, describing the development and use of a high-fidelity physics

Bertolino, Antonio Carlo, Sorli, Massimo, Porro, Paolo Giovanni, Galli, Claudio

Integrating for Safety – A Proposed Approach to the Integration of Propulsion Battery Systems in Hybrid Electric Aviation

2025-01-0148To be published on 05/02/2025

In the last year we have witnessed a notable surge in the designs and in the guidance material for electric and hybrid aircraft. FAA and EASA have continued to evaluate the safety of Propulsion Battery Systems (PBS), with a focus on thermal runaway containment testing. As a result, a harmonization white paper was issued to provide a certification path for Thermal Runaway (TR) Hazards, followed by an EASA certification memorandum on the acceptable approaches for the certification of Electric/Hybrid Propulsion Systems (EHPS). And just recently, an FAA Advisory Circular (draft) was issued for the “powered-lift” aircraft that feature these propulsion battery systems. In spite of the advances made by electric/hybrid aircraft manufacturers and the aviation authorities, there is still a missing piece of the puzzle. Mainly, we are still not confident in our ability to properly integrate the PBS into the EHPS architecture, in such a way where safety is never compromised, no matter the hazard

Hanna, Michael, Walker, Cherizar

Empirical Inflow Ratio Adjustment for Hovering Open Rotors with Experimental Validation

2025-01-0162To be published on 05/02/2025

This study presents empirical modifications of Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) to improve rotor performance prediction for open rotors in hovering conditions. The empirical adjustments were made to the inflow ratio, factoring in the real rotor wake area and estimated induced power losses. A comparison between experimental data and two analytical models, one using an empirical inflow formula and the other a theoretical formula (classical BEMT), was conducted for two rotors. The empirical inflow model demonstrated superior accuracy in predicting thrust and torque. These modifications are applied to the inflow ratio by accounting for the actual rotor wake area and estimated induced power losses. The findings highlight the potential for more accurate performance prediction through the integration of empirical data into theoretical frameworks.

Dayhoum, Abdallah, Ramirez-Serrano, Alejandro, Martinuzzi, Robert

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