Browse Topic: Electronic control systems

Items (3,977)
Brake-by-wire systems have received more and more attention in the recent years, but a close look on the available systems shows, that they have not reached full by-wire level yet. Most systems are still using hydraulic connections between main cylinder and the brake calipers on at least one axle to ensure functional safety. Mostly, this is the front axle, since the front brakes have to convert more kinetic energy during braking manoeuvers. Electromechanical actuators are currently used for rear brakes in hybrid brake-by-wire applications solely, since a loss of the front brake calipers can lead to severe conditions and control loss of the vehicle during braking. Further, the higher mass of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) leads to much higher braking forces on both axles and to increased sizes of the electromechanical calipers. This article presents a concept for a brake-by-wire system for battery electric vehicles, which features electromechanical brake actuators on all corners and a
Heydrich, MariusLenz, MatthiasIvanov, ValentinStoev, JulianLecoutere, Johan
This paper presents a highly integrated 4-in-1 power electronics solution for 800V electric vehicle applications, combining on-board charging (OBC), DC boost charging, traction drive, and high-voltage/low-voltage (HV/LV) power conversion in a single housing. Integration is achieved through the use of motor windings for charging and a custom-designed three-port transformer that magnetically couples HV and LV batteries while ensuring galvanic isolation. The system also employs a three-phase open-ended winding machine (OEWM) to support both single-(1P) and three-phase (3P) AC charging. A dual-bank DC/DC architecture allows for seamless integration of a redundant auxiliary power module (APM), enhancing functional safety and autonomy. In AC charging mode, the three-level (3L) T-type inverter operates as a Vienna rectifier for 3P charging and as a totem-pole power factor correction (PFC) circuit for 1P charging, with the motor windings utilized as PFC inductors. In DC boost charging mode
Wang, YichengTaha, WesamAnand, Aniket
SAE J1939 is a CAN-based standard used for connecting various ECUs together within a vehicle. There are also some related protocols sharing many of the features of SAE J1939 across other industries including ISO11783, RVC and NMEA 2000. The standard has enabled the easy integration of electronic devices into a vehicle. However, as with all CAN-based protocols, several vulnerabilities to cyberattacks have been identified and are discussed in this paper. Many are at the CAN-level, whilst others are in common with those protocols from the SAE J1939 family of protocols. This paper reviews the known vulnerabilities that have been identified with the SAE J1939 protocol at CAN and J1939-levels, along with proposed mitigation strategies that can be implemented in software. At the CAN-level, the weaknesses include ways to spoof the network by exploiting parts of the protocol. Denial of Service is also possible at the CAN-level. At the SAE J1939-level, weaknesses include Denial of Service type
Quigley, Christopher
As a crucial component of highway freight systems, tractor semitrailer vehicles play a key role in the transportation industry. However, their complex vehicle structure can lead to significant lateral instability during emergency obstacle avoidance, posing challenges to the vehicle's dynamic stability and safety. To enhance the emergency obstacle avoidance lateral stability of tractor semitrailer vehicles, a direct yaw moment lateral stability control strategy based on differential driving/braking is proposed. First, a 3-degree-of-freedom ideal linear dynamic model of the tractor-semitrailer is established, and its accuracy is validated. Then, a lateral stability control strategy for emergency obstacle avoidance is proposed. The upper-layer controller employs an improved feedforward differential model-free adaptive control (IMFAC) method to track the target yaw rate and vehicle sideslip angle, while the lower-layer controller focuses on optimizing tire load rate. Additionally, a drive
Guo, ShaozhongDou, Jingyang
Automatic transmission (AT) is a complex hydroelectromechanical system, since it consists of hydraulic, electrical and mechanical parts. On cars produced by “UzAuto Motors” mainly AT of the 6T family, 6-speed AT family GM: 6T30, 6T40, 6T45, 6T50 “Hydra-Matic” are used. Production of parts of these transmissions is carried out both at American GM plants and at GM plants in China and Korea. The differences between AT 6T30/6T40/6T45/6T50 are in the thickness of the output chain and in the planetary gear, in the sizes of some other units and the housing itself. But the differences are much more influenced by the settings of the transmission unit, which select operating modes with different engines so as not to overload the thinnest places of the automatic transmission. Automatic transmissions 6T30, 6T40, 6T45, 6T50 have the ability to manually shift gears and activate the “kickdown” mode (for quick acceleration of the car, when you sharply press the gas “all the way” it makes the automatic
Turakulov, Bakhtiyor
In a three-phase voltage source inverter, in order to prevent the direct short circuit of the upper and lower tubes of the bridge arm and ensure the normal operation of the inverter, microsecond-level dead time needs to be added when the power devices are turned on and off. However, due to the dead-time effect, slight distortion may occur in the inverter within the modulation period, and this distortion will eventually lead to harmonic components in the output current after accumulation, thereby generating torque ripple. Against the above background, implementing dead-time compensation strategies is very important. To compensate for the voltage error caused by the dead-time effect, current polarity determination is required first. Then, the dead time is compensated, thereby indirectly compensating for the voltage error caused by the dead-time effect. Regarding the dead-time compensation time, without changing the hardware, this paper proposes a solution to turn off the dead-time
Jing, JunchaoZhang, JunzhiZuo, BotaoLiu, YiqiangYang, TianyuZhu, Lulong
The propulsion system design of GM-Cadillac’s first electric vehicle Lyriq uses an optimized drive unit comprising interior permanent magnet (IPM) motors and silicon traction inverters. The main objective behind the drive unit design was to minimize energy losses and cost while maximizing hardware consolidation, range, performance, power density, and scalability. Two IPM motors with different length and number of stator turns are designed, while their rotor design and stator-conductor profile are kept the same. A high-speed rotor is designed to achieve higher power density. AC winding effect at higher speeds is mitigated by using a bar-conductor with much smaller cross section. The rotor surface has a special notch design to minimize acoustic noise, without use of rotor or stator skew. Also, the traction inverters in the Lyriq EV are engineered with a significant emphasis on being scalable and adaptable for various vehicle architectures while considering a broad range of requirements.
Momen, FaizulJensen, WilliamHe, SongChowdhury, MazharulZahid, AhsanForsyth, AlexanderAlam, KhorshedAnwar, MohammadKim, Young
In hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), optimizing energy management and reducing system losses are critical for enhancing overall efficiency and performance. This paper presents a novel control strategy for the boost converter in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), aimed at minimizing energy losses and optimizing performance by modulating to a higher boost converter voltage only when necessary. Traditional approaches to boost converter control often lead to unnecessary energy consumption by maintaining higher voltage levels even when not required. In contrast, the proposed strategy dynamically adjusts the converter's operation based on real-time vehicle demands, such as driver input, Engine Start-Stop (ESS) events, Active Electric Motor Damping (AEMD), entry and exit transitions for Engine Fuel Cut-Off (DFCO), Noise-Vibration-Harshness (NVH) events like lash-zone crossing and other specific operational conditions. The control strategy leverages predictive algorithms and real-time monitoring
Basutkar, AmeyaHuo, ShichaoSullivan, ClaireBerger, DanielTischendorf, Christoph
The intensive use of software applications in modern vehicles has highlighted the critical role of Systems Engineering (SE) in the automotive industry. These “computers on wheels” are thoroughly interconnected, by their own connections and with the cloud, due to the advancement of Electronic Control Units (ECU) technologies and the widespread use of sensors transmitting real-time data. This interconnectedness and the level of software abstraction that are known today, significantly escalates the complexity of these systems. This has made it necessary to adopt an approach that is flexible to change, structured, agile, and traceable. The modern approach to SE, now model-based, offers numerous advantages over the previous paradigm, which was predominantly document-based. MBSE (Model-Based Systems Engineering) emerges as a contemporary approach, providing the scalability needed for engineering teams to develop robust products. Its “model-based” essence ensures that the model acts as the
Mendes de Oliveira, Arthur HendricksReis, Pedro AlmeidaAnunciação, GabrielVinícius Carlos de Lima, JonathanSarracini Júnior, FernandoGarcia, Matias Ezequiel
Toyota vehicles equipped with Toyota Safety Sense (TSS) can record detailed information surrounding various driving events, including crashes. Often, this data is employed in accident reconstruction. TSS data is comprised of three main categories: Vehicle Control History (VCH), Freeze Frame Data (FFD), and image records. Because the TSS data resides in multiple Electronic Control Units (ECUs), the data recording is susceptible to catastrophic power loss. In this paper, the effects of a sudden power loss on the VCH, FFD, and images are studied. Events are triggered on a TSS 2.5+ equipped vehicle by driving toward a stationary target. After system activation, a total power loss is induced at various delays after activation. Results show that there is a minimum time required after system initiation in order to obtain full VCH, FFD, and image records. Power losses occurring within this time frame produce incomplete records. Data accuracy is unaffected, even in partial records.
Getz, CharlesDiSogra, MatthewSpivey, HeathJohnson, TaylorPatel, Amit
Automotive technologies have been rapidly evolving with the introduction of electric powertrains, Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Over-The-Air (OTA) upgradability. Existing decentralized architectures are not an optimal choice for these applications, due to significant increases in cost and complexity. The transition to centralized architectures enables heavy computation to be delegated to a limited number of powerful Electronic Control Units (ECUs) called domain or zone controllers. The remaining ECUs, known as smart actuators, will perform well defined and specific tasks, receiving new parameters from the dedicated domain/zone controller over a network. Network bandwidth and time synchronization are the two major challenges in this transition. New automotive standards have been developed to address these challenges. Automotive Ethernet and Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) are two standards that are well-suited for centralized architectures. This paper presents a
Ayesh, MostafaBandur, VictorPantelic, VeraWassyng, AlanWasacz, BryonLawford, Mark
Today’s vehicle architectures build trust on a framework that is static, binary and rigid; tomorrow’s software defined vehicle architectures require a trust model that is dynamic, nuanced, and adaptive. The Zero Trust paradigm supports this dynamic need, but current implementations focus on protecting information, not considering the challenges that automobiles face interacting with the physical world. We propose expanding Zero Trust for cyber-physical systems by weighing the potential safety impact of taking action based on information provided against the amount of trust in the message and develop a method to evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy. This strategy offers a potential solution to the problems of implementing real-time responses to active attacks over vehicle lifetime.
Kaster, RobertMa, Di
Due to the high-power density, high torque rating, low torque ripples and fault-tolerant capability, the Dual Three-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (DTP-PMSM) has recently emerged as a feasible alternative for automotive applications. However, it comes with its own challenge of increased losses at low torque due to the use of 6-phase inverter or two three-phase inverters. The DTP-PMSM drive model can be designed to function in two operating modes, double-channel (dual three-phase) mode with both the inverters operating, and single-channel (three-phase) with one of the two inverters shut down. This paper proposed an efficiency analysis between single channel and double channel modes in a DTP-PMSM drive. A simulation model is prepared to calculate efficiency, and the losses associated with different parts of battery fed DTP-PMSM drive system operated in both modes. Detailed loss model is simulated to represent efficiency of a battery-fed DTP-PMSM drive system. Both single
Sun, FengyangPradhan, SubarniYang, JingruNahid-Mobarakeh, BabakValencia Garcia, Diego FernandoMavalankar, DrushanAllocco, Alessandro
In order to improve the safety and reliability of the inverter used in hybrid vehicles and reduce the risk of inverter failure, based on the functional safety ISO26262 development process and software architecture, a safe shutdown path scheme is designed in this paper. Firstly, after entering the initialization mode, on the basis of adding the inverter control signal feedback mechanism on the inverter control system, this scheme designs the control methods and specific processes of the shutdown path test and insulation detection. The shutdown path test and insulation detection designed in this scheme are implemented during the control initialization process, including designing the hardware diagnostic safety mechanism and the unique output shutdown path test method. If the shutdown path test or insulation detection fails, the risk of IGBT out of control can be avoided; the detection mechanism of this system can effectively reduce the failure rate and potential failure rate of faults
Jing, JunchaoLiu, YiqiangZuo, BotaoHuang, WeishanDai, Zhengxing
Modern vehicles contain tens of different Electronic Control Units (ECUs) from several vendors. These small computers are connected through several networking busses and protocols, potentially through gateways and converters. In addition, vehicle-to-vehicle and internet connectivity are now considered requirements, adding additional complexity to an already complex electronic system. Due to this complexity and the safety-critical nature of vehicles, automotive cyber-security is a difficult undertaking. One critical aspect of cyber-security is the robust software testing for potential bugs and vulnerabilities. Fuzz testing is an automated software testing method injecting large input sets into a system. It is an invaluable technique across many industries and has become increasingly popular since its conception. Its success relies highly on the “quality” of inputs injected. One shortcoming associated with fuzz testing is the expertise required in developing “smart” fuzz testing tools
McShane, JohnCelik, LeventAideyan, IwinosaBrooks, RichardPesé, Mert D.
This paper describes a novel invention which is an Intrusion Detection System based on fingerprints of the CAN bus analogue features. Clusters of CAN message analogue signatures can be associated with each ECU on the network. During a learning mode of operation, fingerprints can be learnt with the prior knowledge of which CAN identifier should be transmitted by each ECU. During normal operation, if the fingerprint of analogue features of a particular CAN identifier does not match the one that was learnt then there is a strong possibility that this particular CAN identifier’s message is symptomatic of a problem. It could be that the message has been sent by either an intruder ECU or an existing ECU has been hacked to send the message. In this case an intruder can be defined as a device that has been added to the CAN bus OR a device that has been hacked/manipulated to send CAN messages that it was not designed to (i.e. could be originally transmitted by another device). It could also be
Quigley, ChristopherCharles, David
The driving capability and charging performance of electric vehicles (EVs) are continuously improving, with high-performance EVs increasing the voltage platform from below 500V to 800V or even 900V. To accommodate existing low-voltage public charging stations, vehicles with high-voltage platforms typically incorporate boost chargers. However, these boost chargers incur additional costs, weight, and spatial requirements. Most mature solutions add a DC-DC boost converter, which results in lower charging power and higher costs. Some new methods leverage the power switching devices and motor inductance within the electric drive motor to form a boost circuit using a three-phase current in-phase control strategy for charging. This approach requires an external inductor to reduce charging current ripple. Another method avoids the use of an external inductor by employing a two-parallel-one-series topology to minimize current ripple; however, this reduces charging power and increases the risk
Yuan, BaochengMa, YongXie, XiLiu, ShaoweiGuan, TianyuGe, KaiZheng, LifuXu, Xu
In order to make lateral motion robust and stable for smart chassis, a lateral motion controller is proposed in this paper taking structural uncertainty into account. Firstly, a new lateral error model is developed to describe the lateral motion problem. Secondly, the kernel of the lateral motion controller is active disturbance rejection control method, that is, a second order linear tracking differentiator is embedded between lateral error model and first order linear active disturbance rejection control (FO-LADRC). And every module of the lateral motion controller has been designed in detail, which contains first-order linear tracking differentiator (LTD1), second-order linear tracking differentiator (LTD2), linear extended state observer (LESO), and linear state error feedback (LSEF). Finally, six typical scenarios with two conditions are designed to validate the controller referencing to the test standard, considering the structural uncertainty, including wheelbase length and
Li, YishuaiLu, JunXu, ShuilingMing, JinghongYu, QinWang, XiaoliangZeng, DequanHu, YimingYu, YinquanYang, JinwenJiang, Zhiqiang
An implementation of a robust predictive cruise control method for class 8 trucks utilizing V2X communication with connected traffic lights is presented in this work. This method accounts for traffic signal phases with the goal of reducing energy consumption when possible while respecting safety concerns. Tightened constraints are created using a robust model predictive control (RMPC) framework in which constraints are modified so that the safety critical requirements are satisfied even in the presence of disturbances, while requiring only the expected bounds of the disturbances to be provided. In particular, variation in the actuator performance under different conditions presents a unique challenge for this application, which the approach applied in this work is well-suited to handle. The errors resulting from lower-level control and actuator performance are accounted for by treating them as bounded and additive disturbances on the states of the model used in the higher level MPC
Ellison, EvanWard, JacobBrown, LowellBevly, David M.
A battery electric vehicle (BEV) employs a traction inverter to control a traction motor. One popular configuration is to make a HV battery directly connected to the input of the motor inverter. As a result, the maximum motor voltage is limited by the state of charge (SOC) of the traction battery. When the battery voltage is low the maximum motor speed and power are limited. This voltage limitation can be solved by using a traditional boost converter-based inverter. However, this approach has several disadvantages. The motor winding terminals see a PWM voltage, which results in high frequency harmonics that lead to EMI, NVH and potential additional insulation stress. Also, there are PWM-induced common mode voltages that are known to produce bearing failures as well as EMI/EMC problems that are extremely difficult to eliminate. Finally, the topology is significantly more expensive due to the high number of active switching devices needed. To solve some of the limitations and issues
Ge, BaomingMunoz, Alfredo R.Jiang, Hong
In the electrification of automotive and commercial vehicles, batteries are replacing internal combustion engines (ICE) with a battery only power system. The current process uses Linear Circuit Analysis (LCA) and assumes a passive load. The electronics are also assumed to have a constant input voltage from the source. A battery is not capable of providing constant input voltage under automotive use cases resulting in LCA not be applicable for all cases. The non-constant battery voltage will also influence the way electronics are modelled. One specific instance is an EV especially with the traction drive motors where the power demands are considered non-passive. The research will show the discharge behavior of batteries and the results of each of these discharge modes. The research will classify loads as either passive loads or non-passive loads and use the conservation of energy to model non-passive loads with a battery.
Ingarra, Nicholas
Following early adoption, the BEV market has shifted towards a mass market strategy, emphasizing on crucial attributes, such as system cost reduction and range extension. System efficiency is crucial in BEV product development, where efficiency metric influenced greatly vehicle range and cost. For instance, higher iDM efficiency reduces the need for larger battery, cutting cost, or extends range with the same battery size. BorgWarner adopted Digital Twin technology to optimize Integrated Drive Module (iDM) within a vehicle ecosystem. Digital Twin comprises high-fidelity physics based numerical tool suites offering greater degree of freedom to engineers in designing, sizing, optimizing a component versus system benefit tradeoff, thus enabling most efficient product design within economic constraints. BorgWarner’s Analytical System Development (ASD) plan used as framework provides a global unified process for tool development and validation, ensuring the digital print of a real product
Bossi, AdrienBourniche, EricLeblay, ArnaudDavid, PascalNanjundaswamy, Harsha
Software Defined Vehicle (SDV) is gaining attraction in the automotive industry due to its wide range of benefits like remote software/feature upgrade, scalable functionality, Electronic Control Unit (ECU) commonization, remote diagnostics, increased safety, etc. To obtain all these benefits, ECUs need to be designed accordingly. ECU hardware must be designed to support a range of vehicles with a variety of loading, scalable features, power distribution, levels of processing, and networking architecture. Each domain has unique challenges to make the ECU economical and robust to operating conditions without compromising performance. This paper illustrates the critical hardware design challenges to accommodate a scalable SDV architecture. This paper focuses electrical interface design to support wide range of input/output port loads, scalable functionality, and robust diagnostics. Also, flexibility of microprocessor processing capability, ECU networking, and communication complexity are
Hasan, S.M. NayeemIrgens, Peter
As automotive technology advances, modern vehicles increasingly rely on complex electronics such as cameras, sensors, radar and lidar. These components are critical for advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving. With the growing complexity of these systems, automotive manufacturers face challenges in efficiently transmitting both power and data while minimizing weight and system complexity. Power over Coaxial (PoC) technology offers a solution by allowing the transmission of power and data over a single coaxial cable, significantly simplifying vehicle design. With the integration of more electronic systems, especially those required for ADAS and autonomous driving, the demand for power and high-speed data transmission in vehicles has surged. Modern cars now use multiple cameras and sensors, and as vehicle systems continue to evolve, the number of electronic components is expected to increase. This shift places significant demands on the transmission of both data
Thurman, Travis
This study presents the development and integration of a vehicle mass estimator into the ZF’s Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system. The aim is to improve the accuracy of the ACC system’s torque control for achieving desired speed and acceleration. Accurate mass estimation is critical for optimal control performance, particularly in commercial vehicles with variable loads. The incorporation of such mass estimation algorithm into the ACC system leads to significant reductions in the error between requested and measured acceleration during both flat and uphill driving conditions, with or without a preceding vehicle. The article details the estimator’s development, integration, and validation through comprehensive experimental testing. An electric front-wheel drive van was used. The vehicle’s longitudinal dynamics were modeled using D’Alembert’s principle to develop the mass estimation algorithm. This algorithm updates the mass estimate based on specific conditions: zero brake torque, high
Marotta, RaffaeleD’Itri, ValerioIrilli, AlessandroPeccolo, Marco
This study addresses the control problem of the electronic throttle valve (ETV) system in the presence of unmatched perturbations. Most previous works have ignored the effect of actuating motor inductance, which results in an approximated model with a matched perturbation structure. However, if this assumption is not permitted, the ETV model turns into an exact model with unmatched perturbation and the control task becomes more challenging. In this article, a backstepping control design based on a quasi-sliding mode disturbance observer (BS-QSMDO) has been proposed to effectively reject the unmatched perturbation in the ETV system. A rigorous stability analysis has been conducted to prove the ultimate boundedness for disturbance estimation error and tracking error. The key to this proposed observer-based control design is to obtain a robust and chattering-free controller based on a quasi-sliding mode methodology. The proposed quasi-sliding mode observer works to estimate the unmatched
Hameed, Akram HashimAl-Samarraie, Shibly AhmedHumaidi, Amjad Jaleel
The popular methods to generate PWM (Pulse width modulation) are triangle comparison method and space vector method. The work evaluates the performance of continuous and discontinuous space vector pulse width modulation techniques based on the switching losses and harmonic distortion. The flexibility in the placement of null vectors and active vectors gives generality in SVPWM (Space Vector PWM) techniques. Continuous SVPWM employs the conventional switching sequences which are equally divided the null vectors and active vectors. Discontinuous PWM are derived based on the different combinations of null and active switching vectors. The discontinuous PWM techniques clamps each phase for either 300 or 600 in each half cycle. Majority of the discontinuous SVPWM uses any one of the null vectors and effectively to reduce the average switching loss in a cycle and the total harmonic distortion.The study brings out the optimum SVPWM sequences for the control of PMSM(PERMENANT MAGNET
Nair, Meenu DivakaranDurai, Saranya
In electric vehicles development, manufacturing variations pose big challenge in designing various mechanical components as these variations directly impact various customer perceivable performance outputs. If the manufacturing variations can be included in design phase itself, overall robustness of the design can be enhanced. This paper delineates machine learning based methods to include manufacturing variations in designing drive units for electric vehicles. In an electric vehicle, the drive unit transfers power or torque from a battery through an inverter to wheels. The drive units are subjected to different types of loads under various vehicle maneuvers. To evaluate the drive unit system virtually, system level simulations are performed. Traditionally, nominal values of the several inputs such as bearing parameters, gear parameters and clearances etc. are used. However, the drive unit must be designed in such a way that outputs meet target considering all the variations of inputs
Penumatsa, Venkata Ramana RajuKatha, VenkateswarBlack, DerrickJain, SachinMaddipati, Seshagiri
The thermal management system of fuel cells poses considerable challenges, particularly due to large time delays and nonlinear behaviors that complicate effective temperature control of the stack. In response to these challenges, this study introduces a novel fuel cell inlet temperature feedback control method based on the internal model principle, designed to enhance control accuracy. Simulations were conducted using MATLAB/Simulink® to evaluate the performance of both Proportional-Integral (PI) and internal model controllers through various tests, including step response and random condition assessments. The results demonstrated that the proposed internal model controller significantly outperformed traditional PID control in both static and dynamic scenarios. Specifically, during step response testing, the maximum temperature overshoot was minimized to just 1.5°C, with a steady-state error of less than 0.5°C. In dynamic performance testing, the inlet temperature exhibited a rapid
Liu, Shiguang
The braking system is an essential element for ensuring the safe operation of vehicles. This research investigates the influence of electronic mechanical brakes on the control performance of permanent magnet synchronous motors, with a particular focus on variations in the load torque and inertial load. This study addresses challenges such as delayed responses in the clamping force and diminished control accuracy. To mitigate these issues, a Luenberger load torque observer is utilized for the real-time identification of load torque. The identified load torque is subsequently converted into a compensation current, which is integrated into the current loop as a feed-forward compensation signal to enhance the control performance. Additionally, to reduce the impact of variations in inertial load on the overall control system, this study employs a model reference adaptive algorithm for the online identification of rotational inertia, with the identification results being fed back to the load
Wan, XiaoboShang, RuipengLi, Yingchun
Predictive Cruise Control (PCC) is a promising approach for improving fuel efficiency and reducing operational costs in heavy trucks. However, its implementation using conventional Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) methods is hindered by computational limitations, often restricting the use of long-horizon slope information. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a neural network-enhanced slope-adaptive NMPC framework. A Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) architecture is employed to integrate long-horizon slope information and dynamically update control parameters, effectively overcoming computational constraints of traditional NMPC. To further enhance efficiency, an automated simulation scheduling system is developed, leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) and expert knowledge to optimize parameter tuning and streamline data collection, significantly reducing training overhead. Validation on a high-fidelity simulation platform
Han, XiaoSong, KangLv, Qing FangZhang, YiXie, Hui
This article presents a height control method for air suspension systems, which are influenced by strong nonlinearity and multiple coupling factors, based on model-free adaptive control (MFAC) using full-form dynamic linearization (FFDL). To address the impact of different damping coefficients of the shock absorber on the height control effect, an improved genetic algorithm is employed to globally optimize the relevant parameters involved in the design of the control law, thereby enhancing the height control performance. The precision of modeling the air suspension system has a direct impact on the simulation of both static and dynamic vehicle models, as well as the accuracy of height control. In this article, an equivalent thermodynamic model of the air suspension system is established based on the principle of energy conservation for height control research. Considering the nonlinearity of the air suspension system and the need to make additional assumptions before modeling, a MFAC
Yao, JiyangWu, GuangqiangWu, JianYang, YuchenYan, Xudong
In the context of advancing automotive electronic systems, ensuring functional safety as per ISO 26262 standards has become of primary importance. This paper presents the development of an AUTOSAR-compliant Software Component (SWC) applied to ISO 26262 applications. Using MATLAB/Simulink, we design and simulate a SWC that operates within the AUTOSAR architecture, focusing on fault detection and activation of safety mechanisms. The SWC is built to monitor specific system parameters and operational anomalies. Upon detecting a fault, it triggers predefined safety mechanisms to mitigate risks and ensure system integrity. The simulation focus on capability to accurately identify faults and execute safety measures effectively, thus demonstrating a practical approach to enhance automotive system safety implementation and its reuse. This paper not only highlights the importance of ISO 26262 in the automotive industry but also illustrates the feasibility of developing and integrating safety
Santiago, Frederico Victor Scoralickdos Santos Machado, ClebersonImbasciati, HenriqueCosta, Silvio Romero Alves
The advancement of the automotive industry towards automation has fostered a growing integration between this field and automation. Future projects aim for the complete automation of the act of driving, enabling the vehicle to operate independently after the driver inputs the desired destination. In this context, the use of simulation systems becomes essential for the development and testing of control systems. This work proposes the control of an autonomous vehicle through fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic allows for the development of sophisticated control systems in simple, easily maintainable, and low-cost controllers, proving particularly useful when the mathematical model is subject to uncertainties. To achieve this goal, the PDCA method was adopted to guide the stages of defining the problem, implementation, and evaluation of the proposed model. The code implementation was done in Python and validated using different looping scenarios. Three linguistic variables were used, one with three
Branco, César Tadeu Nasser MedeirosSantos, Rafael Celestino
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) combine combustion and electric propulsion means to achieve key objectives, such as: reducing fuel consumption, minimizing pollutant emissions, and enhancing the overall energy efficiency of the Powertrain System. The series hybrid electric vehicles, in special, have a topology compound by four Subsystems, which are: Traction, Storage, Energy Generation, and Energy Management. The Energy Generation Subsystem is responsible for the power supply of the electric traction motors and batteries, depending on the control strategy promoted by the Energy Management Subsystem. The Energy Generation Subsystem is essentially made by an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and a Generator. Effective control of the power output from the Energy Generation Subsystem necessitates precise regulation of the engine speed. Thus, it is necessary to control the engine speed because this is directly related to the power demand of the consumers of other subsystem components. This
Júnior, João Marcos Hilário Barcelosde Sousa Oliveira, Alessandro BorgesTeixeira, Evandro Leonardo SilvaPereira, Bruno LuizPinheiro, Leandro Soaresdos Santos Ribeiro, Eduardodos Santos de Oliveira, Jordano
The exponential growth of the agribusiness market in Brazil combined with the high receptivity among farmers of new technological solutions has driven the study and implementation of high technology in the field. This work aimed to apply servo-assisted driving technology to enable autonomous mobility in an off-road sugarcane truck responsible for harvesting sugarcane. The technology consists of a conventional hydraulic steering with a motor, ECU and torque and angle sensors responsible for reading input data converted from GPS signals and previously recorded tracking lines. The motor responsible for replacing 100% of the physical force generated by the driver acts in accordance with the required torque demand, and the sensors combined with the ECU correct the course to meet the follow-up line through external communication ports. The accuracy of the system depends exclusively on the accuracy of the GPS signal, in this case reaching 2,5 cm, which is considered extremely high accuracy
Oliveira Santos Neto, AntídioLara, VanderleiSilva, EvertonDestro, DanielMoura, MárcioBorges, FelipeHaegele, Timo
With the technology of electronic chassis control systems of automobile is widely used, the functional interaction between brake system and the other electronic systems may lead to brake boost degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to find out brake boost degradation events in the quite large number of driving scenarios. To solve the difficulty of thoroughly and quickly searching for brake boost degradation conditions in the large number of driving scenarios, based on Mechatronic-Hardware-In-the-Loop (M-HIL) technology, this paper constructs an electrical chassis system M-HIL bench to verify the function and performance of the electronic brake control system under actual chassis system conditions. To search and locate the brake boost degradation conditions rapidly and enhance the searching efficiency of levels boundary of affecting factors for brake boost degradation, firstly, based on pair-wise coverage combinatorial testing, brake boost degradation occurrence rate is estimated and
Guo, XiaotongLi, LunChen, ZhichengZhang, LiliangYan, LupingWang, WeiZh, Bing
Heavy-duty vehicles, particularly those towing higher weights, require a continuous/secondary braking system. While conventional vehicles employ Retarder or Engine brake systems, electric vehicles utilize recuperation for continuous braking. In a state where HV Battery is at 100% of SOC, recuperated energy from vehicle operation is passed on to HPR and it converts electrical energy into waste heat energy. This study focuses on identification of routes which are critical for High Power Brake Resistors (HPRs), by analyzing the elevation data of existing charging stations, the route’s slope distribution, and the vehicle’s battery SOC. This research ultimately suggests a method to identify HPR critical vehicle operational routes which can be useful for energy efficient route planning algorithms, leading to significant cost savings for customers and contributing to environmental sustainability.
Thakur, ShivamSalunke, OmkarAmbuskar, MandarPandey, Lokesh
A temperature dependent cohesive zone model considering the thermo-mechanical fatigue loadings are used to simulate and predict the failure process of solder joint interface in power electronics modules. Cohesive Zone Models (CZMs) are gaining popularity for modeling the fracture and fatigue behavior in various class of materials such as metals, polymers, ceramics, and their composite materials. Unlike the traditional fracture mechanics which considers concept of infinitesimal crack, CZMs assume a fracture process zone in which external energy is distributed in vicinity to propagating crack. In order to predict the fatigue-fracture process under thermo-mechanical cyclic loading, a damage accumulation variable is utilized. The calculation of damage is performed using a progressive mechanism, and the cohesive zone model is updated to reflect the present level of damage. The existing cohesive forces are influenced by both the current damage status and the extent of separation
Singh, Praveen KumarSahu, AbhishekChirravuri, BhaskaraMiller, Ronald
Emergence of Software Defined Vehicles (SDVs) presents a paradigm shift in the automotive domain. In this paper, we explore the application of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) for comprehensive system simulation within the SDV architecture. The key challenge for developing a system model for SDV using traditional methods is the document centric approach combined with the complexity of SDV. This MBSE approach can help to reduce the complexity involved in Software-Defined Vehicle Architecture making it more flexible, consistent, and scalable. The proposed approach facilitates the definition and analysis of functional, logical, and physical architecture enabling efficient feature and resource allocation and verification of system behaviour. It also enables iterative component analysis based on performance parameters and component interaction analysis (using sequence diagrams).
Navas, AkhilPaul, Annie
Recently, there has been a growing emphasis on Thermal Management Systems (TMS) for Lithium-ion battery packs due to safety concerns related to fire risks when temperatures exceed operating limits. Elevated temperatures accelerate electrochemical reactions, leading to cell degradation and reduced electronic system performance. These conditions can cause localized hotspots and hinder heat dissipation, increasing the risk of thermal runaway due to high temperatures, flammable gases, and heat-producing reactions. To tackle these issues, many automotive manufacturers employ indirect liquid cooling techniques to maintain battery pack and electronic system temperatures within safe limits. Engineered nanofluids, particularly those containing multi-nanoparticles dispersed in water and ethylene glycol, are being explored to enhance electrical safety in case of accidental exposure to electrical systems in EVs. This paper focuses on the experimental characterization of nanofluid containing
Nahalde, SujayHonrao, GauravMore, Hemant
The automotive industry relies heavily on software to enhance safety, performance, and user experience. The increasing complexity of automotive software demands rigorous testing methodologies. Ensuring the quality and reliability of this software is critical. In this paper, an innovative approach to software validation and verification using a Hybrid Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) test system has been proposed. This methodology integrates diverse hardware and software tools to establish a flexible and efficient testing environment. HIL environment can evaluate Device Under Test (DUT) with minimal alterations. This comprehensive solution includes the development of test strategies, plant model simulation, and compliance assurance, all in accordance with automotive standards such as ASPICE, ISO26262. Introduction of a Personality module for Automotive ECU (DUT), enables testing of multiple products using the same HIL setup. This is achieved by loading a DUT-specific signal mapping
Yadav, VikaskumarBhade, Nilesh
In the rapidly evolving field of automotive engineering, the drive for innovation is relentless. One critical component of modern vehicles is the automotive ECU. Ensuring the reliability and performance of ECU is paramount, and this has led to the integration of advanced testing methodologies such as Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing. In conjunction with HIL, the adoption of Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Testing (CT) processes has revolutionized how automotive ECU are developed and validated. This paper explores the integration of CI and CT in HIL testing for automotive ECU, highlighting the benefits, challenges, and best practices. Continuous Integration and Continuous Test (CI/CT) are essential practices in software development. Continuous Integration process involves regularly integrating code changes into the main branch, ensuring that it does not interfere with the work of other developers. The CI/CT server automatically build and test code whenever a new commit is
Hande, Sheetal VikramMandava, Balaji Bharath
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